Human Geo Vocab 9 & 10

Front 1

DEVELOPMENT

Back 1

process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology

Front 2

GENDER EMPOWERMENT INDEX [GEM]

Back 2

compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making

Front 3

GENDER RELATED DEVELOPMENT INDEX [GDI]

Back 3

compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes

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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX [HDI]

Back 4

indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by UN, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy

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GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT [GDP]

Back 5

the value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period [usually one year]

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LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRY [LDC]

Back 6

[developing country] country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development

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LITERACY RATE

Back 7

percentage of a country's people that can read and write

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MORE DEVELOPED COUNTRY [MDC]

Back 8

country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development

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PRIMARY SECTOR

Back 9

portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry

Front 10

PRODUCTIVITY

Back 10

value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it

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SECONDARY SECTOR

Back 11

portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials

Front 12

STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAM

Back 12

economic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade, such as raising taxes, reducing government spending, controlling inflation, etc.

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TERTIARY SECTOR

Back 13

portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.

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VALUE ADDED

Back 14

gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy

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AGRIBUSINESS

Back 15

commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, ususally through ownership by large corporations

Front 16

AGRICULTURE

Back 16

deliberate effort to modify a portion of earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain

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CEREAL GRAIN

Back 17

a grass yielding grain for food

Front 18

CHAFF

Back 18

husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing

Front 19

COMBINE

Back 19

a machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field

Front 20

COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE

Back 20

agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm

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CROP

Back 21

grain or fruit gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season

Front 22

CROP ROTATION

Back 22

practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil

Front 23

DESERTIFICATION

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degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting

Front 24

DOUBLE CROPPING

Back 24

harvesting twice a year from the same field

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GRAIN

Back 25

seed of a cereal grass

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GREEN REVOLUTION

Back 26

rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers

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HORTICULTURE

Back 27

growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers

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HULL

Back 28

outer covering of a seed

Front 29

INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE

Back 29

form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land

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MILKSHED

Back 30

the area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied

Front 31

PADDY

Back 31

malay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah

Front 32

PASTORAL NOMADISM

Back 32

form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals

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PASTURE

Back 33

grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing

Front 34

PLANTATION

Back 34

large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country

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PRIME AGRICULTURAL LAND

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the most productive farmland

Front 36

RANCHING

Back 36

form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area

Front 37

REAPER

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machine that cuts grain standing in the field

Front 38

RIDGE TILLAGE

Back 38

system of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation

Front 39

SAWAH

Back 39

flooded field for growing rice

Front 40

SEED AGRICULTURE

Back 40

reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which result from sexual fertilization

Front 41

SLASH-AND-BURN AGRICULTURE

Back 41

another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris

Front 42

SHIFTING CULTIVATION

Back 42

form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used from crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period

Front 43

SPRING WHEAT

Back 43

wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer

Front 44

SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE

Back 44

agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family

Front 45

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

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farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides

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SWIDDEN

Back 46

patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning

Front 47

THRESH

Back 47

to beat out grain from stalks by trampling it

Front 48

TRANSHUMANCE

Back 48

the seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures

Front 49

TRUCK FARMING

Back 49

commercial gardening and fruit farming

Front 50

VEGETATIVE PLANTING

Back 50

reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants

Front 51

WET RICE

Back 51

rice planted on dryland in a nursery, then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth

Front 52

WINNOW

Back 52

to remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind

Front 53

WINTER WHEAT

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wheat planted in the fall and harvested in early summer