Human Geo 7-9

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Gross domestic product

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estimate of the total value of all materials, foodstuffs, goods, and services that are produced by a country in a particular year

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gross national income

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a measure of income to country from production wherever in the world it occurs

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purchasing power parity

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how much common "market basket" of goods and services each currency can purchase locally, including goods and services that are not traded internationally

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carrying capacity

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max population that can be maintained in a place with rates of resource use and waste production that are sustainable in the long term without damaging overall productivity of that or other places

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sustainable development

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vision of development that seeks a balance among considerations of economic growth, environmental impacts, and social equity

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ecological footprint

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measure of the human pressures on the natural environment from the consumption of renewable resources and the production of pollution

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primary activities

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those concerned directly with natural resources of any kind

ex: agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry

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secondary activities

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those that process, transform, fabricate, or assemble the raw materials derived from primary activities or that reassemble, refinish, or package manufactured goods.

ex: steel making, food processing, furniture making, textile manufacturing, automobile assembly, and garment manufacturing

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tertiary activities

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those involving the sale and exchange of goods and services

ex: warehousing, retail stores, personal services

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quaternary activities

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those dealing with the handling and processing of knowledge and info

ex: data processing, info retrieval, education, and research and development

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newly industrializing countries

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countries, formerly peripheral within the world-system, that have acquired a significant industrial sector, usually through direct foreign investment

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trading blocs

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groups of countries with formalized systems of trading agreements

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autarky

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small peripheral countries that do not contribute significantly to the flows of imports and exports that constitute the geography of trade

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dependency

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high level of reliance by a country on foreign enterprises, investment, or technology

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international division of labor

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specialization, by countries, in particular products for export

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elasticity of demand

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degree to which levels of demand for product or service change in response to changes in price

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terms of trade

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determined by the ratio of the prices at which imports and exports are exchanged

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import substitution

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attempt the establish a new role in international division of labor, moving away from a specialization in primary commodities toward a more diversified manufacturing base

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debt trap

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syndrome of having constantly to borrow in order to fund "development"

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initial advantage

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highlights the importance of an early start in economic development

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external economics

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cost savings resulting from advantages that are derived from circumstances beyond a firm's organization and methods of production

existing labor markets, consumer markets, so on

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localization economies

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cost savings that accrue to particular industries as a result of clustering together at a specific location

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agglomeration effects

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cost advantages that accrue to individual firms because of their location among functionally related activities

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cumulative causation

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spiraling buildup of advantages that occurs in specific geographic settings as a result of the development of external economics, agglomeration effects, and localization economies

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infrastructure

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underlying framework of services and amenities needed to facilitate productive activity

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backwash effects

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negative impacts on a region of the economic growth of some other region

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spread effects

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positive impacts on a region of the economic growth of some other regions, usually a core region

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agglomeration diseconomies

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negative economics effects of urbanization and the local concentration of industry

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deindustrialization

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relative decline in industrial employment in core regions as firms scale back their activities in response to lower levels of profitability

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creative destruction

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withdrawal of investments from activities that yield low rates of profit in order to reinvest in new activities

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growth poles

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places of economic activity deliberately organized around one or more high-growth industries

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foreign direct investment

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flows of capital, knowledge, goods, and services among countries

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transnational corporations

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companies that participate not only in international trade but also in production, manufacturing, and/or sales operations in several countries

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conglomerate corporations

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corporations that consist of several divisions engaged in quite different activities are known

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fordism

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mass production, based on assembly-line techniques and "scientific" management, together with mass consumption, based on higher wages and sophisticated advertising techniques

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neo-fordism

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the logic of mass production coupled with mass consumption has been modified by the addition of more flexible production, distribution, and marketing systems

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flexible production systems

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involve flexibility both within firms and between them

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vertical disintegration

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evolution from large, functionally integrated firms within a given industry toward networks of specialized firms, subcontractors, and supliers

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strategic alliances

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commercial agreements between transnational corporations, usually involving shared technologies, marketing networks, market research, or product development

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export-processing zones

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small areas within which especially favorable investment and trading conditions are created by governments in order to attract export-oriented industries

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offshore financial centers

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islands and micro-states that have become specialized nodes in the geography of worldwide financial flows

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world cities

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places that are able not only to generate powerful spirals of local economic development but also to act as pivotal points in the reorganization of global space

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agrarian

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describe the way of life that deeply embedded in the demands of agricultural production

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agriculture

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a science, art, and a business directed at the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance and profit

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hunting and gathering

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characterizes activities whereby people feed themselves by killing wild animals and gathering fruits, roots, nuts, and other edible plants

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subsistence agriculture

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system in which agriculturalists consume all they produce

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commercial agriculture

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farmers produce crops and animals primarily for sale rather than for direct consumption

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shifting cultivation

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form of agriculture usually found in tropical forests, farmers aim to maintain soil fertility by rotating the fields they cultivate

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crop rotation

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fields under cultivation remain the same but the crops planted are changed to balance the types of nutrients withdrawn from and delivered to the soil

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swidden

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one the land has been cleared and ready for cultivation

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intertillage

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practice of mixing different seeds and seedlings in the same swidden

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intensive subsistence agriculture

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practice involving the effective and efficient use of a small parcel of land in order to maximize crop yield

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pastoralism

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the breeding and herding of animals to satisfy the human needs for food, shelter, and clothing

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transhumance

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movement of herds according to seasonal rhythms

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mechanization

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replacement of human farm labor with machines

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pastoralism

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the breeding and herding of animals to satisfy the human needs for food, shelter, and clothing

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chemical farming

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application of synthetic fertilizers to the soil to enhance yields

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food manufacturing

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adding economic value to agricultural products through a range of treatments occurring off the farm and before the products reach the market

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"Blue Revolution"

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introduction of motorized and larger boats, processing technology and infrastructure, and new production techniques into peripheral country fisheries

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aquaculture

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growing of aquatic creatures in ponds on shore or in pens suspended in water

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agricultural industrialization

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process whereby the farm has moved from being the centerpiece of agricultural production to being one part of an integrated multilevel industrial process

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globalized agriculture

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modern agriculture is increasingly dependent on an economy and set of regulatory practices that are global in scope and organization

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land reform

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redistribution of land by the state with a goal of increasing productivity and reducing social unrest, was seen as a solution and was implemented by revolutionary governments and others seeking to reduce the risk of rural uprising

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nontraditional agricultural exports

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new export crops that contrast with traditional exports

ex: sugar and coffee

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agribusiness

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set of economic and political relationships that organizes food production from the development of seeds to the retailing and consumption of the agricultural product

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food chain

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composed of 5 central and connected sectors (inputs, production, processing, distribution, and consumption)
with 4 contextual elements acting as external mediating forces (the state, international trade, physical environment, and credit and finance)

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food regime

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specific set of links that exists among food production and consumption and capital investment and accumulation opportunities

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biotechnology

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any technique that uses living organisms to make or modify products

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under-nutrition

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inadequate intake of one or more nutrients and/or of calories

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famine

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acute starvation associated with a sharp increase in mortality

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food security

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a person, household, or even a country has assured access to enough food at all times to ensure active and healthy lives

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genetically modified organism

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any organism that has had its DNA modified in a lab rather than through cross-pollination or other forms of evolution

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urban agriculture

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establishment or performance of agriculture practices in or near an urban or city like setting

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geopolitics

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state's power to control or territory and shape the foreign policy of individual states and international political relations

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nation

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group of people sharing certain elements of culture

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nation-state

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ideal form consisting of a homogeneous group of people governed by their own state

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sovereignty

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exercise of state power over people and territory, recognized by other states and codified by international law

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citizenship

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category of belonging to a nation-state that includes civil, political and social rights

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nationalism

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feeling of belonging to a nation, as well as the belief that a nation has a natural right to determine its own affairs

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centripetal forces

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strengthen and unifying something

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centrifugal forces

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divide or tend to pull something apart

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federal state

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allocates power to units of local government within the country

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unitary state

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power is concentrated in the central government

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confederation

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group of state united for a common purpose

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decolonization

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reacquisition by colonized peoples of control over their own territory

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international organization

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one that includes 2 or more states seeking political and/or economic cooperation with each other

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domino theory

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if one country in a region chose o was forced to accept a communist political and economic system, neighboring countries would fall to communism as well

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new world order

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assumes that with the triumph of capitalism over communism, the US becomes the worlds only superpower and therefore its policing force

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terrorism

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the threat of use of force to bring about political change

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bioterrorism

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deliberate use of microorganisms or toxins from living organisms to induce death or disease

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supranational organization

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collection of individual states with a common goal that may be economic and/or political in nature

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international regime

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involvement of the state in these new global activities

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human rights

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rights to justice, freedom, and equality

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global civil society

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broad range of institutions that operate between the private market and the state

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self-determination

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refers to the right of a group with distinctive politico-territorial identity to determine its own destiny through control of its own territory

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regionalism

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feeling of collective identity based on a population's politico-territorial identification within a state or across state boundaries

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sectionalism

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extreme devotion to local interests and customs

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democratic rule

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system in which public policies and officials are directly chosen by popular vote

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territorial organization

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system of government formally structured by area, not by social groups