Human Genetics Test 2

Front 1

Draw the Central Dogma

Back 1

DNA--DNA(replication)
V- (Transcription)
RNA
V--(Translation)
PROTEIN

Front 2

What is in all cells that contains hereditary information

Back 2

DNA

Front 3

what makes up DNA's two strands

Back 3

neucleotides

Front 4

A nucleotide is made up of what three parts?

Back 4

Phosphate
Sugar
Base

Front 5

what are two characteristics of a hereditary molecule

Back 5

*can be passed from one generation to the next
* maintains organism identity-
we have babies
dogs have puppies

Front 6

Nucleic Acids were discovered by

Back 6

Friedrich Miescher

Front 7

DNA is made of what four letters of information

Back 7

ATCG

Front 8

mRNA is made up of many of the same letters of information, what is the difference?

Back 8

AT in DNA is AU in RNA

Front 9

how do these nucleotides pair up?

Back 9

A goes with T
C goes with G

Front 10

How many letters are in the "words" of DNA?

Back 10

3

Front 11

DNA was discovered by which two scientists?

Back 11

J. D. Watson and F. H. C. Crick

Front 12

Look at the figure 1on this website: http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/coldspring/printit.html

Back 12

Figure 1
This figure is purely diagrammatic (8). The two ribbons symbolize the two phophate-sugar chains, and the horizonal rods the pairs of bases holding the chains together. The vertical line marks the fibre axis.

Front 13

What does DNA stand for?

Back 13

deoxyribonucleic acid

Front 14

Enzymes are what?

Back 14

a protien or several protiens that begin reactions

Front 15

what are Polymerases?

Back 15

polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6/7/19/48/49) is an enzyme whose central function is associated with polymers of nucleic acids such as RNA and DNA. The primary function of a polymerase is the polymerization of new DNA or RNA against an existing DNA or RNA template in the processes of replication and transcription.

Front 16

Central Dogma

Back 16

DNA- DNA(replication)
V(Transcription)
RNA
V(Translation)
Protien

Front 17

Shargoff's rule -

Back 17

A- T or T-A
C- G or G-C
A- U

Front 18

DNA's sole function is

Back 18

to be passed on to the next generation

Front 19

What are the 4 protiens of life?

Back 19

Adenine A
Guanine G
Thymine T
Cytosine C

Front 20

explain replication

Back 20

Replication is the process of unzipping the DNA and creating 2 identical strands of DNA

Front 21

Explain Transcription

Back 21

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA by DNA
the DNA polymerse create a negative(photo) or an opposite chain of nucleotides of the DNA.
This process creates mRNA

Front 22

What does mRNA do?

Back 22

mRNA is the messenger RNA which sends out the information to the rest of the cell from the nucleus

Front 23

What are the three steps of Transcription?

Back 23

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

Front 24

In transcription what happens during initiation?

Back 24

transcription begins with the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter in DNA. The promoter begins the process of transcription.

Front 25

In transcription what happens during elongation?

Back 25

using one strand of DNA( the template strand or noncoding strand), is used as a template for RNA synthesis. As transcription proceeds, RNA polymerase traverses the template strand and uses base pairing complementarity with the DNA template to create an RNA copy

Front 26

In transcription what happens during Termination?

Back 26

Termination is the process of stoping the copy of the RNA. A stop code tells the codon to stop finding the complementary pairs and break off the mRNA.

Front 27

A little memory device for the Central Dogma

Back 27

Transcription comes before Translation because TransCription (C) comes before (L)- TransLation

Front 28

Another memory device for Transcription translation

Back 28

Transcription comes first because you have to write down what the person is saying before you can get out your dictionary and translate what they are/ have said

Front 29

What is Translation?

Back 29

Translation is the process of decoding proteins of the mRNA to make different subunits and peptide bonds

Front 30

Protiens have subunits called

Back 30

amino acids

Front 31

In mRNA amino acids are like

Back 31

the legos and the mRNA tells you exaclty where to put each color like instructions

Front 32

What are Enzymes?

Back 32

protiens that start different chemical reactions

Front 33

What kind of bond does DNA use?

Back 33

Hydrogen

Front 34

Replication

Back 34

Break hydrogen bonds and separate the strands
DNA polymeras add the complement

Front 35

Nucleotides are made of three parts

Back 35

sugar, phosphate, base - they form a kind of stair case that creates the backbone of DNA

Front 36

What does it mean to say Nitrogeous base?

Back 36

it is surrounded by nitrogen

Front 37

Spiral staircase analogy -

Back 37

phosphate and sugar are like the runners guiding the person around the staircase-
Stairs are made of the Genetic code A, T, C, or G
Hydrogen bonds are the posts holding the stairs to the railing

Front 38

What makes RNA?
translation, transcription, replication, or the central dogma of molecular biology

Back 38

Transcription

Front 39

Look at this website for help with replication

Back 39

http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAreplication.html

Front 40

DNA polymerase

Back 40

DNA polymerase binds complementary leading strands of DNA nucleotides

Front 41

What makes DNA?
translation, transcription, replication, or the central dogma of molecular biology

Back 41

replication

Front 42

What is the problem with mutation?

Back 42

Most mutations in DNA kill people

Front 43

Shargoff's rule

Back 43

A goes with t or u
g goes with c and vice versa
T goes with A
U goes with A

Front 44

Memory device for Transcription

Back 44

Transcription deals with promoting- In movies/films there are TranSCRIPTion in order for these films to be successful they must be Promoted

Front 45

mRNA is/does what?

Back 45

messenger RNA carries information from the nucleus to the rest of the cell

Front 46

rRNA is/does what?

Back 46

is the central component of the ribosome, the protein manufacturing machinery of all living cells. The function of the rRNA is to provide a mechanism for decoding mRNA into amino acids and to interact with the tRNAs during translation by providing peptidyl transferase activity.

Front 47

tRNA is/does what?

Back 47

adds different amino acids in order to create a peptide bond/ chain

Front 48

Transcription completes how many sides of the DNA?

Back 48

2

Front 49

Replication completes how many of the sides of the DNA?

Back 49

1

Front 50

Punctuation in genetic code include what?

Back 50

the three different stops which are equivalent to the . ! and ?

Front 51

Degenerate simply means that

Back 51

any given codon will always code for the same thing. for example UUU will always go with AAA which makes the PHE codon.

Front 52

Translation has what steps

Back 52

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

Front 53

What does initiation do?

Back 53

loads trna and mrna into the ribosome

Front 54

what does elongation do?

Back 54

create polypeptide bonds that create ribosome subunits

Front 55

what does termination do?

Back 55

stop codon and detatch mRNA

Front 56

Translation memory

Back 56

Translation trans(let)ion- IET- initiate
elongate
terminate
Maybe its like a date- someone initiates it, it can be elongated, or terminated and when you are done you have a clean slate

Front 57

What is the job of the genetic code?

Back 57

tell when/what to add and where

Front 58

codons are sets of three A, T, C, or U -

Back 58

there are 64 codons

Front 59

what is capitalization in the genetic code?

Back 59

MET

Front 60

What are the three types of mutation?

Back 60

base pair substitution
insertion
deletion

Front 61

what are two reasons for mutation?

Back 61

spontaneous
exposure to mutagens

Front 62

What are mutagens?

Back 62

UV
Radiation
alkylating agents
carcinagens

Front 63

Website:
protien synthesis through transcription

Back 63

http://www-class.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/animation/gene/gene_a3.html

Front 64

Website:
DNA

Back 64

http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/basics/dna

Front 65

Website:
Transcription

Back 65

http://www-class.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/animation/gene/gene_a2.html