Human Genetics

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Prokaryotes

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Organisms without a nuclues

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Eukaryotes

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Organishms that have a nuclear membrane surrounding the genetic material and have other membrane-bound organelles in the cytoplasm

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Cytoskeleton

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Asystem of protein microfilaments and microtubules that allows a cell to have a characteristic shape

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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A system of cytoplasmic membranes arranged into sheets and channels that function in synthesizing and transporting gene products

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Ribosomes

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Cytoplasmic particles composed of two subunits that are the site of protein synthesis

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Golgi apparatus

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Membranous organelles composed of a series of flattened sacs. They sort, modify, and package proteins synthesized in the ER

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Lysosomes

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Membrane-enclosed organelles that contain digestive enzymes

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Mitochondria

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Membrane-bound organelles present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells that are the sites of energy production within the cells

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Nuclues

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The membrane-bounded organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains the chromosomes.

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Nucleolus

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A nuclear region that functions in the synthesis of ribosomes

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Chromatin

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The component material of chormosomes, visible as clumps or threads in nuclei under a microscope

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Chromosomes

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The threadlike structures in the nucleus that carry genetic information

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Genes

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The fundamental units of heredity

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Homologs

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Members of a chromosomal pair

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Diploid

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the condition in which each chromosome is represented twice as a member of a homologous pair

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Haploid

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The condition in which each chromosome is represented once in an unpaired condition

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Zygote

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The diploid cell resulting from the union of a male haploid gamete and a female haploid gamete

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Centromere

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A region of a chromosome to which fibers attach during cell division. The location of a centromere gives a chromosome its characteristic shape

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Autosome

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Chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes

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Interphase

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The period of time in the cell cycle between mitotic divisions

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Mitosis

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Form of cell division that produces two cells, each of which has the same complement of chromosomes as the parent cell

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Cytokinesis

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The process of cytoplasmic division that accompanies cell division

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G1

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Stage immediately after mitosis-RNA, protein, and other molecules are synthesized

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S

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DNA is replicated. Chromosomes become double stranded

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G2

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Mitochondria divide. Precursors of spindle fibers are synthesized

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Prophase

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1st stage of mitosis-Chromosomes condense; Nuclear envelope disappears; Centrioles divide and migrate to opposite poles of the dividing cell; Spindle fibers from attach to chromosomes

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Metaphase

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2nd stage of mitosis-Chromosomes line up on the midline of the dividing cell

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Anaphase

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3rd stage of mitosis-Chromosomes begin to seperate

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Telophase

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4th stage of mitosis-Chromosomes migrate or are pulled to opposite poles; New nuclear envelope forms; Chromosomes uncoil

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Chromatid

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One of the strands of a duplicated chromosome, joined by a common centromere, Each chromatid carries identical genetic information

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Synapsis

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The pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis

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Chiasmata

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The crossing of nonsister chromatids strands seen in the first meiotic prophase. Chiasmata represent the structural evidence for crossing-over

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Crossing-over

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The process of exchanging parts between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, which produces new combinations of genetic information

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Assortment

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The random distrubution of members of homologous chromosomal pairs during meiosis

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Recombination

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The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. Also known as crossing over

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Interphase I

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Chromosome replication takes place.

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Prophase I

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Chromosomes become visible, homologous chromosomes pair, and sister chromatids become visible. Recombanation takes place

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Metaphase I

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Paired chromosomes align at equator of cell.

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Anaphase I

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Homologous chromosomes separate. Members of each chromosome pair move to opposite poles

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Telophase I

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Cytoplasm divides, producing two cells

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Interphase II

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Following a brief pause, chromosomes uncoil slightly. This is not a real interphase as such

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Prophase II

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Chromosomes re-coil

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Metaphase II

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Unpaired chromosomes become aligned at equator of cell

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Anaphase II

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Centromeres split. Daughter chromosomes pull apart

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Telophase II

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Chromosomes uncoil, nuclear membrane reforms, cytoplasm divides, and meiosis is complete

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Spermatogonia

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Mitotically active cells in the gonads of males that give rise to primary spermatocytes

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Spermatid

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The four haploid cells produced by meiotic division of a primary spermatocyte

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Oogonia

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Mitotically active cells that produce primary oocytes

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Secondary oocyte

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The large cell produced by the first meiotic division

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Ootid

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The haploid cell produced by meiosis that becomes thr functional gamete

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Polar bodies

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Cells produced in the first or second division in female meiosis that contain litlle cytoplasm and will not function as gametes