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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Principle describing the separation of alleles in gametogenesis so that each gamete has only one allele for each gene.
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Mendel's law of segregation
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Principle that describes the independent assortment of alleles during gametogenesis.
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Mendel's law of independent assortment
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The complete collection of genetic material within an organism.
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Genome
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The four nucleotide bases.
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Adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine.
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Smaller than the X chromosome, contains primary genetic information for determining some male characteristics.
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Y chromosome.
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Random inactivation of one of the female X-chromosomes via a gene silencing mechanism involving methylation in early embryogenesis.
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X-inactivation or lyonisation
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Process of extraction, examination and arrangment of the chromosomes arrested in metaphase.
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Karyotyping
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Chromosome with a central centromere.
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Metacentric
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Centromere towards one end of a chromosome.
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Acrocentric
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Centromere at the terminus of a chromosome.
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Telocentric
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Shorter chromosomal arm.
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p arm
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Longer chromosomal arm.
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q arm
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Condensed and constricted region of chromosome to which spindle fibres attach.
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Centromere
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Supercoiled, condensed chromatin that is transcriptionally silent and appears as dark bands.
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Heterochromatin
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Transcriptionally active regions of the chromosome that appear as light bands as they are not so tightly coiled.
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Euchromatin
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Circular DNA molecules of maternal origin that encodes for 13 proteins, 22 tRNA and 2 rRNA molecules. Not located in the nucleus.
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Mitochondrial DNA
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Entire genome is duplicated and the cell divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells.
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Mitosis
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Cell division that produces four haploid daughter cells that are not genetically identical.
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Meiosis
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The series of events by which cells duplicate their DNA and undergo mitosis.
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The cell cycle
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Stage between one mitotic division and the next during which the cell makes preparations for division.
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Interphase
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Stage of growth in the cell cycle during which transcriptional factors are activated and DNA synthesis is initiated.
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Gap 1 phase
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Stage of the cell cycle where genetic information is duplicated and recombination may occur.
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Synthesis phase
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Stage of cell cycle where DNA is checked and repaired, and cells prepares for mitosis.
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Gap 2 phase
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Chromosomes condense and become visible and mitotic spindle begins to form.
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Prophase
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Nuclear membrane disappears, chromosomes attach to mitotic spindle via kinetochore microtubules and chromosomes align along the equatorial plate.
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Metaphase
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Sister chromatids are separated and pulled by spindle fibres to opposite poles.
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Anaphase
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Kinetochore microtubules disappear and nuclear envelope begins to reform.
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Telophase
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Cell membrane is drawn in to form a cleavage furrow, cytoplasmic contents are divided and the cell divides into two daughter cells.
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Cytokinesis
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Process in which a diploid cell is divided into two haploid cells with double stranded DNA, increasing genetic diversity.
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Meiosis 1
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What are the five stages of prophase 1?
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Leptonema, zygonema, pachynema, diplonema and diakinesis
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Chromosomes begin to condense and attach to the nuclear envelope via attachment plaque.
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Leptonema
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Synapsis, or the coming together of homologous chromosomes to form tetrads.
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Zygonema
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Chromosomes are aligned allowing recombination to occur.
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Pachynema
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Homologous chromosomes begin to separate and decondense, RNA synthesis begins.
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Diplonema
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RNA synthesis ceases, chromosomes condense and detach from the nuclear membrane.
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Diakinesis
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Spindles forms between centrioles and tetrads line up along metaphase plate.
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Metaphase 1
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Spindles separate homologous chromosomes.
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Anaphase 1
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Nuclear membrane reforms around double stranded chromosome and cytokinesis occurs.
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Telophase 1
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