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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
normal specific gravity for urine
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1.003-1.030
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normal pH range of urine
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4.5-7.8
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albumin normal serum levels
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3.8-4.5 g/dl
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describes the normal distribution of fluid in the ICF and ECF compartments
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first spacing
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abnormal accumulation of intersticial fluid (type of spacing) (i.e. edema)
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second spacing
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type of spacing that occurs when fluid accumulates in a portion of the body from which it is not easily exchanged w/ the rest of the ECF (ie,edema ass. w/ burns)
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third spacing
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what is the most critical ion?
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potassium
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what is the normal range for K+?
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3.5-5
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high osmolarity can cause?
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dehydration
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what is the most prevelant intracellular cation?
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K+
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If one had a crushing injury, what electrolyte might be elevated?
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K+
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a low level of potassium can cause an increased toxity to what?
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digitalis
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how should oral K+ be given?
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w/ food because it can upset the stomach otherwise
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what is the maintenance dose of potassium?
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40-80 mEQ/day
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what might be ordered to ensure excretion of K+ from the body?
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KayExalate (in oral or rectal form)
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what is the normal serum level for Ca++?
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9-11 mg/dl
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what products promote calcium loss?
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milk and carbonated beverages because they contain phosphate
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what must calcium be given w/ to promote absorption?
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vitamin D
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what is the serum range for Sodium?
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135-145 mEq/L
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aging accounts for a loss in...from the kidneys, which are depleted to 40% fewer functioning...than in early adulthood
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nephrons
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what are some effects of aging on the urniary system?
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bladder capaciy decreases, involuntary contractions increase, ADH is less active at night
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what is the normal creatinine serum level?
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0.5-1.5 mg/dl
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what is the normal BUN serum level?
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5-25 mg/dl
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what is the normal ratio between BUN/Cratinine
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10:1
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a ration of BUN/Creatinine <10:1 is indicative of what?
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acute tubular necrosis, liver disease, hemodialisis, malnutrition
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a ration of BUN/cratinine > 10:1 is indiciative of what?
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reduced renal profussion, muscle destruction, hypotension, shock, GI bleeding
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what is the adult range of serum osmolality?
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280-300 mOsm/kg H2O
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what does elevated osmolality indicate?
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dehydration
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what does decreased osmolality indicate?
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overhydration or hemodilution
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Hypervolemia indicates a shift in fluid to where?
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from the interstitial to the plasma
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what are some clinical manifestations of hypervolemia?
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hyptertension, tachycardia, distended jugulars, gallop, edema, moist lung sounds, bulging fontanels
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how is hypervolemia treated?
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diuretics, fluid restriction, primary dialysis if life threatening
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blisters are what type of fluid spacing?
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third
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the .....releases ACTH?
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anterior pituitary
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aldosterone acts specifically on...
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sodium
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to maintain cation balance, when sodium is excreted,....is reabsorbed
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potassium
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Urine osmolalaity is normally in what range?
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100-1300 mOsm/kg H2O
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what is released by the right atrium in response to stretch of the atrum from excess fluid volume?
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atrial natriuretic hormone (ANF): decreases blood volume and BP
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what diuretic is an example of a loop diuretic?
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lasix
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what is an example of a K+ sparing diuretic?
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aldactone
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what sorts of foods are high in potassium?
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fruit, dried fruit, vegetables, salt substitutes
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approximately how much of the total serum calcium is ionized?
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1/2
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alterations in what serum protein can affect calcium levles?
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albumin
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calcium balance is controlled by what gland?
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parathyriod
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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) moves calcium from....to...
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bone to blood
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what is produced by the thyroid gland is stimulated by high serum calcium levles?
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calcitonin
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what are the functions of calcium?
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transmission of nerve impulses, myocardial contractions, blood clotting, formation of teeth/bone, and muscle contractions
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excess calcium blocks...
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the effect of sodium in skeletal muscles, which leads to reduced excitability of both muscles and nerves
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what are some signs of hypercalcemia?
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decreased memory, confusion, disorientation, fatigue, muscle weakness, constipation, cardiac arrhythmias, renal calculi
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trousseau's sign is...
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carpal spasms induced by inflating a blood pressure cuff on the arm
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chvostek's sign is...
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contraction of facial muscles in response to a tap over the facial nerve in front of the ear
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if the blood plasma has a higher osmolality than the fluid w/in a red blood cell, the mechanism involved in equalizing the fluid concentration is...
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osmosis
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a clinical indication of dehydration is...
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weight loss
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implementaion of nursing care for the patient with hyponatremia includes:
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fluid restriction
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a patient is reciving a loop diuretic. A symptom the nurse should be aware of is?
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weak, irregular pulse/poor muscle tone
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a 42-year-old woman w/ systemic lupus erythematosus and renal failure would be at risk for what electrolyte imbalance?
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hypermagnesemia
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a person who has undergone a thyroidectomy should be assesed for....
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positive chvostek's sign
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a person w/ hyperphosphatemia secondary to renal failure may require..
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calcium supplements
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how do the lungs act as a buffer between acids and bases?
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by increasing respiratory rate/depth when CO2 levels in the blood are high, reducing acid load
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a patien has: pH 7.52, PaCO2 30mmHg, HCO3- 24 mEq/L; the nurse det. that the patient has...
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respiratory alkalosis
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the typical fluid replacement for a patient w/ an ICF fluid deficit is...
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hypotonic
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foods that thicken the stool
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applesauce, bananas, bread, cheese, high fiber foods, marshmallows, pasta, penut butter, rice, tapioca
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foods that loosen stool
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alcohol, beans, beer, chocolate, coffee, fried food, prune/grape juice, raw fruit/veg., spicy food, spinach
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foods that may block an ileostomy
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celery/coconut/coleslaw/corn/ nuts/popcorn/raisins/raw veggies/seeds/stringy meat
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