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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis
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Chad, 2001
6-7 mya relatively short flat face similar teeth to hominids somewhat anterior foamen magnum large browridges chimp-size skull, brain saggital crest 320-380cc |
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Orrorin tugenensis
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Kenya, 2001
6 mya femur shows bipedality seems to have lived in forested environment |
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Ardipithecus ramidus
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Ethiopia 1990s
4.4 mya anterior foramen magnum toe bones show bipedality primitive canines low enamel on molars |
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australopithecines
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4.2 to 1.2 mya
bipedal, ape-like features small brained, sexual dimorphism in body mass, little in canine size specialized dietary adaptations small incisors, canines herbivores, some meat |
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Australopithecus anamensis
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Meave Leakey, Lake Turkana
4.3-3.9 mya bicondylar angle orangutan like snout gracile |
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Australopithecus afarensis
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Laetoli (Tanzania) Hadar (Ethiopia)
4.3 mya bipedal, could climb 400-440cc sexually dimorphic (Lucy) u-shaped dental (chimps) pelvis bowl shaped sub-nasal prognathism (chimp) |
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Australopithecus africanus
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Discovered S. Africa by Raymond Dart 1924
3-2.2 mya foramen magnum anterior flatter face, reduce canines climbing adaptations 400-500 cc faster maturation divergent big toe gracile |
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Australopithecus garhi
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Ethiopia, 1999 by Tim White
2.5 mya 450cc prognathic face bigger teeth longer lower limb bones antelope bones showed hammerstone cut marks (used tools!) |
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Kenyanthropus platyops
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Meave LEakey, 1999
3.5 mya less prognathic face (later humans) 400-500 cc no post-cranial fossils |
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robust species
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larger cheek teeth
sagital crests larger chewing muscles post-orbital constriction CHEWING! |
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Australopithecus aethiopicus
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Ethiopia
2.5 mya small brain, prognathic face sagittal crest, large molars no post-cranium fossils robust |
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Australopithecus robustus
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South Africa
1.8-1 mya 500-530cc sagittal crest, heavy chewing |
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Australopithecus boisei
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Mary Leakey, Olduvai Gorge 1959
2.2-1.3 mya very robust sagittal crest dish-shaped face sexually dimorphic 475-545cc |
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Australopithecus behavior
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bipedal but can climb
moderate canine dimorphism size dimorphism polygynous social system less infant dependency herbivory, hard seeds for robust omnivory for gracile |
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Homo habilis
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Louis Leakey, Olduvai Gorge, 1960
2 hominid species found in association no saggital crest, smaller teeth, found close to tools 2.4-1.5 mya long legs, robust heel long, strong thumb, short, broad fingers rounded skull 600-700 cc not as prognathic smaller molars less postorbital constriction |
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Homo habilis locomotion
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bipedal, fully terrestrial
savanna, primarily vegetarian oldowan tools |
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taphonomy
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study of processes that produce archeological sites
what happens to an animal's bones after it dies |
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Homo erectus (Homo ergaster)
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larger (brain and body)
found outside of Africa advanced tools very similar to modern humans 750-1250 cc large browridges low forehead broad at skull base occipital torus thick cranial bones shovel shaped incisors as tall as modern humans, more sexually dimorphic thicker leg bones Eugene DuBois, Java, 1891 |
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Zhoukoudian
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site at which over 100 Homo erectus bones were found
3 cultural periods |
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Turkana Boy
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Homo erectus
found 1984 1.6 mya, 11-12 years old at death 90% complete long, linear shape, likely to reach 6'1" |
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Homo heidelbergensis
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800-130 kya
pre-modern humans, archaic Homo Africa, Asia, Europe Acheulean, Levallois tools pleistocene, glaciation controlled, used fire had shelters, structures many different food sources |
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Neanderthals
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130-30 kya
Western Eurasia, Middle East Neander Valley, 1856 thin walled cranium, low forehead large brow ridges 1245-1740cc (avg. 1520, larger than modern human avg) mid-face prognathism large nasal opening occipital bun no chin small posterior, worn large anterior teeth short, robust, heavily muscled thick, long bones, large joints barrel chested cold adapted community care burials, symbolism? Mousterian tools Chatelperronian tools |
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Homo floriensis
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Indonesian island Flores, 2003
8 individuals 1 meter tall 400cc bipedal, human teeth 13 kya |
