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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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taphonomy
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the study of how fossils come to be the way they are
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law of superposition
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older sediments are usually lower
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biostratgraphy
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using plant and animal fossils to date a layer
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paleomagnetism
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read the orientation of the ferrous particles in the dirt around the fossil to find if any flip in the earth's magnetic poles had occurred
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absolute dating
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chronometric
fill the time between 1.25 by and 40 ky |
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dendrochronology
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use tree rings to date things
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K-Ar
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some potassium has an extra neutron and decomposes into argon
argon gas commonly gets trapped in igneous rocks during eruptions, the argon gas escapes, but the potassium is still there, so the clock is restarted |
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what species is it
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lumper = there are variations in the species vs. difference in time of fossil record
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plesiadapiforms
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paleocene era
early primate-like mammals possibly grasping hands and feet, arboreal diastema no post-orbital bar or closure claws, not nails |
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diastema
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gap in teeth row, usually found in rodents
also found in plesiadapiforms |
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nocturnal visual predation idea
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primate evolution theory
forward facing eyes, nails, grasping hands and feet for cautiously sneaking along branches to grab insects but squirrels don't have grasping hands of stereoscopic vision but nocturnal insect hunting is common among small-bodied primates |
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angiosperm coevolution
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primate evolution theory
angiosperms produce fruits and flowers grasping hands would be useful for feeing on fruit on terminal branches but gray squirrels forage there just as much as other monkeys |
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narrow niche
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primate evolution theory
they lost other behaviors that caused them to differentiate gray squirrels differ from Tamarin monkeys in that monkeys don't go on the ground? |
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Proconsul
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Miocene era
21-14 mya No tail, Y5 molar pattern, diastema for huge canines |
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Sahelanthropus tchadodensis
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brain size 360cc (chimps 380, humans 1350)
huge brow ridge Bipedal small canines(but not human-like yet) tiny sagittal crest foramen magnum |
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foramen magnum
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a big hole that the spinal cord goes through
45 degrees in chimps 90 degreed in chad 120 degrees in humans |
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adapids, omomyids
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Eocene era
first true primates Post-orbital bar nails steroscopic vision grasping hands and feet |
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Orrorin tugenesis
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Kenya
6.1-5.8 bipedal femur thickness |
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femur thickness
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all the weight from the upper body is transmitted through the hip into the upper femur
in response to mechanical stress, top of neck is thin, and bottom of neck is thick shown in Orrorin used to claim autrolopithecus is like humans, although it's so mineralized a lot of detail is lost |
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hominin
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anything on the branch including humans that diverge from the most recent common ancestor of bonobos and chimps
brain size, bipedalism, small canines, no sagittal crest, stone tools, fire, art, culture |
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Ardipithecus Kadabba
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5.8-5.2
Ethiopia bipedal? ape-like canines (smaller, but still pointy) |
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Ardipithecus ramidus
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hundreds were found last fall
Ethiopia 5.8?-4.4 molars suggest more than ripe fruit bipedal small brain (325) smaller canines, though still pointy feet are ape-like with divergent big toe |
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Ardipithecus ramidus is bipedal
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hands and arms suggest not a knuckle walker
pelvis makes bipedalism almost certain: blades of pelvis out and to the side, pulls the inner muscles around the side of the trunk ilium is wide and low like other hominins hamstring attachment(butt bone) is on the side like chimps, not behind hip joint like in humans upper part is like humans, lower part is like chimps |
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Savannah theory
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theory for bipedalism
toward the end of the miocene, forests were disappearing, the climate was cooling hominins took advantage of the increase in savanna traveling by foot was more efficient |
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Austrolopithecus anamensis
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4.2-3.9
Ethiopia, kenya Bipedal: tibia top has big expansion of bone, longer triangle, ankle joint oriented horizontally small, but pointy canines low-quality diet specialist? |
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Austrolopithecus
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increase in molar size
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australopithecus afarensis
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Chad, Tanzania(Laetoli), Ethiopia(Hadar), Kenya(West Turkana)
3.7-3.0: a long time (3x as long as us, 0.2) projecting face 433 cc, bigger than chimps for the first time, but not by much big molars, small canines (for the first time), curved tooth row, thick enamel looks like normal walking as opposed to crouched knees have carrying angle femurs bends into feet, directly under hip Laetoli footprints Lucy Dikika |
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Laetoli footprints
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3.7 mya
ash from volcano was wet and muddy, preserved small and big footprints foot was like ours, big toe next to others, though arch wasn't as good |
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Lucy
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Austrolopithecus afarensis
small adult, all the teeth in, no evidence for language clearly bipedal: hip blade wraps around, brings gluteus medius around hip to support joint while walking intermembral index is 85 (70 for humans, 108 for chimps): probably uses trees a fair amount |
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Dikika skeleton
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scapula in between being at side like humans and upward like chimps
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dentin
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the tooth center, not as strong as enamel
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Keynathropus platyops
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Kenya
3.5-3.2 Flat face small molars Fragemented: afarensis? Underground holes sometimes upon up and trap mammals, mineral-rich -> good fossils |
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Australopithecus africanus
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South Africa
sites Makapansgat, Sterkfontain, Taung 3.2-2.5 Bipedal 451 cc BIG molars, small canines postcrania similar to afarensis big toe in line with others wide ilium |
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Australopithecus sediba
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recently discovered
1.9 mya South Africa(Malapa) similar to Africanus, but some cranial and pelvic traits are similar to homo |
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Australopithecus garhi
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a surprise
Ethiopia 2.5 450 cc large molars, but different from afarensis associated with cut marks on bones: scavenging and hunting? diet and foraging is at the transition between austro and homo |
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Austrolopithecus aethiopicus
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Kenya
2.5 Robust: huge molars(4x), sagittal crest, zygomatic arch, masseter muscle |
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zygomatic arch
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the cheekbone which houses the masseter muscle
size is due to stress from temporalis muscle(chewing muscle) at top |
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Wolfe's Law
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the bone responds to mechanical stress
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australopithecus boisei
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Kenya(East and West Turkana), Tanzania(Olduvai Gorge), Ethiopia (Omo)
2.4-1.4 465 cc Robust: huge molars(4x), sagittal crest, zygomatic arch, masseter muscle Huge jaw and face looks like other austrolopitheci from the neck down |
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Robust australopithecines
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large face and jaw
so robust, it's unlikely it gave rise to us |
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Australopithecus robustus
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2.0-1.4
South Africa: Swartkraans, Krombaii 476 cc robust face and dentition slight weight dimorphism |
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loridosis
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the spine is s-shaped
shock absorber, pulls body over hips |
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Homo Habilus
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1.6-2.0
Kenya, Tanzania(Olduvai) Leakey: first in the Homo genus Oldowan tools: stone, for hunting? 612 cc Smaller molars than australopithecus(diet is shifting, everything about physical interaction is changing) Postcrania: short 4 inches Long arms FLK butchery site |
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Olduvai Gorge
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Super important
A. Boisei and H. Habilus FLK butchery site As the Earth get pulled apart in the Serengeti, you see more fossils |
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FLK butchery site
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Olduvai
earliest rock-solid evidence of meat-eating they they even more prime wildebeests than lions hunting, not scavenging |
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Homo genus
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brain size bigger than 600 cc
smaller teeth stone tools |
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Homo Redolfensis
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1.6-2.4
Could be habilus with small women and big men 753 cc Flat face Larger molars than habilus |
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Homo Erectus
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0.4-1.8
Africa, China, Indonesia, Republic of Georgia(Dmanisi) 970 cc Similar size to humans, a bit larger Similar postcrania to modern humans Acheulian industry (1.5 mya) Tools are tear-shaped, hard to make Went everywhere except Europe Pushed into extinction by Heidelbergensis about 50kya |
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Transverse torus
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insertion mark in back of skull for neck muscle attachment
H. Erectus |
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post-orbital constriction
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behind eyes, hindered development of frontal and temporal lobes
H. Erectus |
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Homo erectus cranial morphology
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Long, low cranium
Big brow ridges Transverse torus Post-orbital constriction Teeth are only slightly larger than normal humans' |
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Homo erectus is more than one species?
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African: H. ergaster
Asian: homo erectus |
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Dmanisi
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H. Erectus
In republic of Georgia 1.8 mya, there was a volcanic eruption The river valley was flooded with lava Fossils found on the side of the river evidence of butcher |
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Expensive tissue hypothesis
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theory for bigger brains
hunting for meat is a complex behavior that provides high-quality food with a better quality diet, we could cut down on guts and stomach, which were big energy users then we focused energy on brain why: hunting requires planning, social interaction; selection pressure for bigger brain |
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fire
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not used until 800 kya
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Turkana Boy
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Homo erectus
6' tall, 60 kg long legs narrow pelvis large leg joints foot arch(from other specimens) evolved for endurance running? |
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Homo Florensiensis
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Island of Flores, Indonesia
95-125 kya Tiny, 3.5 feet tall Tools are similar to Erectus, but no handaxes |
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Island dwarfism
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possible theory for florensiensis
the island is closed and restrictive favors tinier and tinier animals |
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Homo heidelbergensis
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Europe, Africa, Asia
Atapuerca(Spain), Bodo(Ethiopia) 1 mya-200 kya 1206 cc, around humans Postcrania similar to humans, tall, powerfully built Levallois tradition hunting, fire |
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Atapuerca
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Oldest hominins in Western Europe
Heidelbergensis Sima del elefante: 1.1 mya Gran Dolina: 800 kya |
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Middle Pleistocene
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126-781 kya
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Gran Dolina
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800 kya
H. heidelbergensis hyoid bone: holds bone up, snaps when strangled, very delicate |
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Heidelbergensis culture
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Strong evidence of hunting: butchered horses, rhinoceri, other animals
Schoningen spears: 6 feet, first time in preserved fossil record Levallois: prepared core fire: cooking central place foraging: rock shelter, probably start of division of labor |
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Homo neanderthalensis
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Europe, Middle East
Neandertal(Germany), La Chapelle(France), Shanidar(Iraq), Kebara (Israel) 130-28 kya Mousterian technique First burials Speech wasn't human-like due to pallet |
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Homo sapiens
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200 kya-
Omo(Ethiopia), Klasies and Border(S. Africa) Culture doesn't develop until 50 kya see chart |
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admixture
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throwing different gene pools together
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