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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Primitive
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Older
Ancesteral |
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Derived
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Newly evolved
Specialized |
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Dental formula in Primates
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Incisors
Canines Premolars Molars |
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Is the dental formula Species Specific?
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yes
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About how many species of primates?
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200-250 species
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Types of Mammals
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Egg-laying (platypus)
Placental (Outnumber the other 2) Marsupials (Give birth to live young) |
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Primate Characteristics
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Pentadactyly
Come from common mammalian ancestor Grasping hands Opposable thumbs Sensitive finger tips/prints Nails instead of claws Have a collarbone Stereoscopic, binocular vision Have distance and depth perception Generalized diet Extensive lifespan Tendency to live in social groups Diurnal activity pattern |
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Pentadactyly
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5 digits on hands and feet
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Two suborders of Taxonomy
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Prosimians
Anthropoids |
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Prosimians
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Most primitive primates
Laterally placed eyes Short gestation Dental comb Grooming claw Unfused mandible Not very social Old World Monkeys *Lemurs *Tarsier *Lories (bushbabies) |
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Anthropoids
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Larger bodied
Usually larger brains Longer period of development Fused mandible Convergent orbits (eyes front) Reduced reliance on smell More reliance on sight Increased parental investment Increased life span Ex: *Monkey *Ape *Human |
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Literal meaning of 'Lemur'
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'Ghost'
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How many species of lemur?
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33
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Adaptive radiation
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Adapt outwards to different kinds of food.
Specialized. |
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Aye-aye
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Nocturnal lemurs
Creepy Teeth of a beaver Ears of a bat 1 skeletal, elongated finer |
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Fossa
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Predator that controls the lemur population.
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Greater Chain of Homos
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Lesser Apes
Greater Apes Humans |
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Lesser Apes
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Gibbon
Siamang |
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Greater Apes
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Gorilla - Africa
Orangutang - Asia Chimp - Africa Bonobo - Africa |
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Humans
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No duh...
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Homonoids
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Larger brain and body
No tails Shortened trunk Flexible shoulder Used for barchiation Most complex behavior |
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2 Infraorders of Suborder Anthropoids
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Platyrrhine
Catarrhine |
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Platyrrhine
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All diurnal
Aboreal Tree living Broad, flat, lateral nostrils Tails NWM *Callatrichids *Cebids *Atelids |
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Callitrichids
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Marmosets and Tamarins
Smallest of the NWM Birth twins on purpose Dad is the primary caregiver Family dynamics *1 dominant female *2 reproductive males *Juvenile offspring Live in scarce resource habitat Ovulatory suppression |
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Ovulatory suppression
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When the female offspring get old enough to ovulate, mom turns off their ovaries.
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Cebids
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Capuchins and Squirrel Monkeys
Semi-prehensile tail Single offsrping Dental formula 2.1.3.3. |
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Semi-prehensile Tail
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Can grasp but not fully support body weight.
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Only nocturnal NWM
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Owl Monkeys
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Catarrhine
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Downward facing nostrils
*Apes *Humans Our biggest differences is in our diets. |
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OWM
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Colosines
Cercopithecines |
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Colosines
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Foliovores
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Cercopithecines
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Cheek pouches
Ischial Callosities |
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Ischial Callosities
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Callous pad on the monkey's ass
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Saimangs (and maybe Gibbons)
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Monogomaous
Pair-bonded Brachiators |
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Brachiators
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Arms are meant to be used to swing through trees
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Where do the Great Apes originate from?
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Asia
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Orangutang
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Only Asian ape
Critically endangered Frugivores Solitary but highly social and intelligent Like to visit each other but not live together so food shortages aren't a problem. |
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2 Male Morphs of the Orangutang
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The Jock:
* big cheek pouches *huge *Sexual character *Can take and keep a harem The Nerd: *Completely sexually able *Look like females *Blend in until old Alpha male dies and then change their appearance to take over and become a jock. *Socially intelligent |
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Gorillas
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All in captivity are lowland gorillas
Harem living Live in bachelor groups until they find a harem of their own. Foliovores |
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Chimps
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Our closest living relative
Live in Africa Critically endangered Live in multi male and female groups. Hunt for meat. Males will trade meat for sex. Enforced dominance hierarchy Some accounts of cannibalism |
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Bonobos
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Multi male and female groups
No hunting When they find food, all of them engage in sex to diffuse the tension. Hippies of the Ape world. Exploit a plentiful food source on the forest floor. *Pith |
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Old Taxonomy Suborders
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Prosimians
Antrhopoids |
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New Taxonomy Suborders
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Strepsirhine
Haplorhine |
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Strepsirhine
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Means "Wet Noses"
Prosimians - Tarsier = Strepsirhine |
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Haplorhine
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Means "Dry Noses"
Anthropoids + Tarsier = Haplorhine |
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Dental Formula of Cebids and Atelids
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2.1.3.3.
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Dental Formula of Callatrichids
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2.1.3.2.
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Dental Formulas of Humans, OWM, & Apes
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2.1.2.3.
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Dental Formula of Ancestral Placentals
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3.1.4.3.
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Quadrupedal
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Uses all 4 limbs for locomotion
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Aboreal Quadrupeds
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Tree dwellers
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Terrestrial Quadrupeds
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Ground dwellers
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Vertical clinging and leaping
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Long lower limbs but shorter forelimbs
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Brachiators
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Lesser apes
Long tails |
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Homonoids
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Short, stiff back
(us) |
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Knuckle-walking
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Great apes
Stiffer wrist to support their weight |
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Semi-brachiation
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Locomotion with prehensive or semi-prehensive tail
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Aboreal Hypothesis
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Suite of primate orbits
COnvergent orbits Grasping hands and feet Nails instead of claws |
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Cartmill
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Visual predation Hypothesis
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Visual Predation Hypothesis
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Ancestors were eating insects in terminal (fine) branches
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Sussman
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Angiosperm Radiation
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Angiosperm Radiation
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Flowering, fruiting trees
65mil years - adaptive radiation Coincides with 1st primates |
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Ecology
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How and oraganism interacts with others
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What is the basis of all behavior?
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Food
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Monogamy
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Male-Female
Both help raise the offspring |
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What percent of mammals are monogamous?
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3%
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What percent of primates are monogamous?
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15%
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How do females make males stay instead of running after the first bimbo that walks by?
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Rewards system
During sex, they make male release large amounts of oxycoton and vasopressin (good feeling hormones). Leads male to believe that sex with this female is better than with another. The male stays. |
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How did we used to define humans?
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Tool use
Language |
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Now how do we define humans?
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Bipedal
Adapt our environment to suit us. Big brains (3x larger than expected) Concealed Ovulation |
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Concealed ovulation
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We are the only species that doesn't know automatically that the female is ovulating.
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Sexual Swelling
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Ano-genital region swells
Indicatior of ovulation in every primate other than humans. |
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Pheromones
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Ovulatory cues
Makes the males interested |
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Reasons for social living
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Strength in numbers
Can defend food resources Fend off predators |
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What is the core of a primate group?
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The mother and her dependent offspring.
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General Polygamy
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Poly = many
Gamy = gametes (males and females) |
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Competition among males for females =
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Choosy females
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Sexual selection
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A choosy female can choose the best male to mate with, therefore giving his good genes to her offspring.
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Polygyny
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Poly = many
Gyny = females Harem living |
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Monogamy
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1 male, 1 female
Very little sexual dimorphism |
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Polyandry
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Poly = many
Andry = males Only seen in callitrichids 1 female, many males |
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Noyau
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Solitary
Orangutangs |
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Dispersal patterns
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1 gender of the social group has to leave when they become of age to prevent inbreeding.
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Philopatric gender
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The gender that gets to stay in the social group when they come of age.
Literally means "love of country" Females are usually philopatric |
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What do males need to survive and make their existence worthwhile?
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Females
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What do females need to survive and make their lives worthwhile?
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Resources
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Insectivores
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Eats insects.
Specialized teeth to get thru insect exoskeleton. Must be small < 500g according to Kay's Threshold |
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Frugiovores
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Eat fruit.
Large incisors Low, round molars |
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Folivores
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Eat leaves
Must be > 500g Enlarged cecum Shearing crests on molars |
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Gummivores
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Eat tree gum
Specialized anterial (front) teeth |
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Gramnivores
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Eat seeds
Specialized anterial (front) teeth |
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Dominance hierarchies
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Strict when food is scarce
Maintains group order Individual knowledge of social rank Females are generally born into their rank Males that emigrate to other groups can change their standing then. |
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Male reproductive strategy
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Find females
Make sure the female can raise the offspring If the offspring doesn't live to adulthood, then the male isn't reproductively successful. |
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General Life Strategies
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R Strategy
K Strategy |
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R Strategy
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Usually when the environment is unstable
Always relative Usually smaller bodied Short Lifespan High mortality Think mice Lots of offspring at one time Little parental investment |
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K Strategy
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Larger bodied
Predictable environment Long lifespan Big investment in offspring Small # of offspring per go round Opposite of R |
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Harry Harlow
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Proved the mother-infant bond is critical to infant growth
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Alloparenting
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Non-parent help raise offspring
Gives young females experience If the mom dies, others can take over. Reinforces social bonds among adults |
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Great apes
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Insight into our ancestory
Very social and intelligent Machiavellian intelligence Increased body size |
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How does body size affect the brain?
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>body = >brain
Doesn't increase at the same rate |
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Exterogetate
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Brain growth before and after birth
50% of energy in the 1st year goes to the brain |
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Cerebrum
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Variable in size and complexity among species
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Cerebellum
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Movement and balance
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Brainstem
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Breathing and heartbeat
Automatic bodily functions |
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Neocortex
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Primary
*Motor or sensory Association *Integrative |
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Frontal
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Higher cognitive functions
*planning *thinking *personality Think Phineas Gage (construction worker who had a pole go thru his head) |
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Temporal hearing
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... it sounds important but I didn't write anything down... oops.
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Communication
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Doesn't have to be verbal
*body language *gestures *can be specialized |
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Vervet Alarm Calls
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OWM
Specialize certain calls for certain meanings Different calls to warn against leopards, snakes, and birds. Not intrinsic, have to learn what each call means. |
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Language
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Define by grammar and syntax
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Syntax
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Word order
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Broca's Area
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Part of the brain responsible for fluid production of speech
Close to the Frontal, near the Motor Cortex Doesn't influence your ability to recall and produce songs |
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Wernicke's Area
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Coding and decoding speech
By the temporal lobe If damaged, language is produced fluently that makes no sense |
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Arcuar Fasciculus
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Connects Broca's Area to Wernicke's Area
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Are Broca's Area, Wernicke's Area and the Arcuar Fasciculus human specific?
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No.
Found in humans, great apes, and monkeys. Haven't looked in lesser apes |
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Voice Tract Murphology
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Monkeys and apes
Don't talk like humans because their vocal tract can't produce any constanant sounds |
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Sociobiology
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Theoretical perspective to explain behaviors under genetic influence
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Altruistic behavior
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Unselfish acts
No benefit from a certain behavior It can even be detrimental |
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So why do we participate in altruistic behavior?
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Cause we share so much genetic info with our relatives.
50% w/ parents and siblings 25% w/ nieces and nephews 12.5% w/ cousins |
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Infanticide
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New alpha male kills off old alpha male's offspring
Lions do this a lot. |
