Human Endocrinology: The Endocrine Pancreas And The Control Of Energy Homeostasis

Front 1

The breakdown of large complex molecules into smaller ones which liberates energy- example of oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water. Is a (Catabolic/Anabolic) reaction

Back 1

Catabolic

Front 2

The metabolism that involves the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones such as synthesis of proteins from amino acids is a (Catabolic/Anabolic) reaction

Back 2

Anabolic

Front 3

What production is a direct measurement of metabolic rate?

Back 3

Heat production

Front 4

the term that is defined as the rate of energy expenditure of a person who is awake, lying down, physically and mentally relaxed, fasted for 12 hours and in a thermoneutral

Back 4

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Front 5

What is the value that is multiplied to the rate at which the individual is using up oxygen and the energy equivalent of oxygen for the food being metabolised?

Back 5

60

Front 6

What equipment is used to measure oxygen comsumption?

Back 6

A spirometer

Front 7

As the body metabolises a mixed diet it is usual to obtain an RQ value around....

Back 7

0.85

Front 8

How is RQ calculated?

Back 8

CO2 produced/ O2 consumed

Front 9

What are the factors that can affect the basal metabolic rate? (6)

Back 9

1. Body weight
2. Body surface area
3. Lean body mass
4. Age
5. Sex
6. Pregnancy

Front 10

What are the physiological factors affecting metabolic rate?

Back 10

1. Exercise
2. Ingestion of food
3. Fever
4. Fasting and Malnutrition
5. Sleep

Front 11

BMR is when a subject is (completely at rest/in normal daily activity)?

Back 11

Completely at rest

Front 12

MR is when a subject is (completely at rest/in normal daily activity)?

Back 12

In normal daily activity

Front 13

What are the hormones affecting energy metabolism? (4)

Back 13

1. Catecholamines
2. Thyroid hormones
3. Growth hormone
4. Male sex steroids

Front 14

The male sex hormones have (smaller/greater) impact than the female sex hormones therefore account for males having a (higher/lower) level of BMR.

Back 14

Greater and lower

Front 15

In the absoptive state glucose is stored in the liver and muscle as __________

Back 15

glycogen

Front 16

In liver and adipose tissue glucose is stored as glycerol which in turn is stored as _____________

Back 16

triglycerides

Front 17

What are the channels that allows glucose to pass into muscle?

Back 17

GLUT 4

Front 18

In liver what are the channels that allow glucose to pass into the liver?

Back 18

GLUT 2

Front 19

Glucose is turned into glycogen by what process?

Back 19

Glycogenesis

Front 20

Glucose is turned into acetyl CoA by which process?

Back 20

Glycolysis

Front 21

Acetyl CoA is turned into fatty acids by which process?

Back 21

Lipogenesis

Front 22

What is triglycerides transported by?

Back 22

VLDL

Front 23

VLDL from liver enters what tissue?

Back 23

Fat tissue

Front 24

What converts VLDL back into fatty acids in fat tissue?

Back 24

LPL

Front 25

Glucose is allowed to enter fat tissue by which channel?

Back 25

GLUT 4

Front 26

What are the 3 main stored macromolecules?

Back 26

Protein, glycogen and triglycerides

Front 27

The pancreas is only an endocrine gland. True or False?

Back 27

False. The pancreas is a mixed endocrine and exocrine gland

Front 28

What are the 2 types of cells in the pancreas?

Back 28

Acini and islet of langerhan

Front 29

The acini is the (exocrine/endocrine) gland

Back 29

Exocrine gland which releases many digestive juices

Front 30

THe islet of langerhan is the (exocrine/endocrine) gland

Back 30

Endocrine gland which secretes hormones

Front 31

What does the delta cell of the islet of langerhan secrete?

Back 31

Somatostatin

Front 32

What does the beta cell of the islet of langerhan secrete?

Back 32

Insulin

Front 33

What does the alpha cells of the islet of langerhan secrete?

Back 33

Glucagon

Front 34

Where is proinsulin converted to insulin?

Back 34

In the golgi apparatus

Front 35

What level triggers the transition between anabolic and catabolic state?

Back 35

Plasma insulin

Front 36

Glucagon promotes (Anabolism/Catabolism)

Back 36

Catabolism

Front 37

What is the normal fasting levels (between meals) of glucose levels

Back 37

70 - 140mg dl-1

Front 38

Hyperglycaemia has a value of more than .....

Back 38

140mg dl-1

Front 39

Hypoglycaemia has a vlaue of less than....

Back 39

70mg dl-1

Front 40

Adrenal corticosteroids promotes g______ production and maintains g______ reserves

Back 40

glycogen

Front 41

Growth hormone promotes (catabolism/anabolism)

Back 41

catabolism it is an anti-insulin glucose sparing agent

Front 42

Catecholamines can be mobilised to glucose for use by the ______

Back 42

brain

Front 43

Thyroid hormones enhance....

Back 43

glucose metabolism