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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What organs does the urinary tract comprise?
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kidneys, the ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra
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Whats the primary function of the urinary tract
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the formation and excretion of urine
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what does the kidney do?
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They remove waste products through urine.
They control the amount of water that stays in your body. They maintain the chemical balance of the body. They make hormones. These hormones help to control blood pressure, make blood cells, and maintain bones |
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What does the nephron do?
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Filtration of water soluble components from blood
Reabsorption of filtered nutrients, water, and electrolytes Secretion of wastes or excess substances in filtrate |
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How is urine formed?
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formed by ultra filtration of blood in the kidneys. From the kidneys, the urine flows into the renal collecting system and passes through the ureters before it reaches the urinary bladder. The urinary bladder serves as a receptacle for the urine. The urine is stored in the urinary bladder for several hours and then discharged from the body through the urethra.
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What is accomplished in the nephron?
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the formation of urine in the kidneys
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What does the nephron consist of?
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glomerulus, tubules, and collecting ducts
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what does the glomerulus consist of?
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specialized capillaries that are modified so that they allow selective passage of fluids and solutes from the blood into the lumen of the nephron.
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What are the components of the urinary tract lined with?
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transitional epithelium
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What is the primary function of the urinary tract
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form and excrete urine
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What is the primary function of the kidneys
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secretory functions
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What do the kidneys secrete?
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renin- a hormone that raises blood pressure
erythropoietin- growth factor that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow |
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The urinary tract consists of which organs?
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kidneys, ureters. urinary bladder, and urethra
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The basic renal physiology
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glomerulus, bowman's capsule, tubule, ureter, bladder, urethra
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What is the function of the nephron
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maintain normal water and mineral balance
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Where is the formation of kidneys accomplished?
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nephron
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The urinary tract is extremely sensitive to what?
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bacterial infections
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The pathogenesis of a urinary tract infection according to the text
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The kidneys are perfused constantly by a high volume of blood, which is filtered in the glomeruli. Bacteria found in the circulation thus have a good chance of entering and colonizing the kidneys
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The pathogenesis of a urinary tract infection according to the review
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The bacteria grows in urine, immune system responds, cystitis occurs
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What is cystitis
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inflammation of the urinary bladder
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What can ecoli cause
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UTI
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What gender is a UTI most common in?
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women
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What happens if the UTI moves to the kidneys?
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Pyelonephritis occurs
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What is Pyelonephritis
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an infection of the kidney and the ducts that carry urine away from the kidney (ureters)
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Acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis
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sudden development of kidney inflammation
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Chronic pyelonephritis
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a long-standing infection that does not clear
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Reflux nephropathy
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an infection that occurs in the presence of an obstruction
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Pathogenesis of pyelonephritis
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Infections usually ascend from the genital area through the urethra to the bladder, up the ureters, into the kidneys.
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In a person with a healthy urinary tract, how is an infection usually prevented from moving up the ureters into the kidneys?
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by the flow of urine washing organisms out and by closure of the ureters at their entrance to the bladder
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Which syndrome makes it so you can't pee?
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Nephritic syndrome
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Which syndrome is associated with increased urine flow?
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Nephrotic syndrome
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Where does most of the fluid go that was absorbed into the glomeruli?
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it's resorbed and returned to the circulation
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The formation of urine depends on what?
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sufficient blood flow and adequate hydration of the body
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Where do the kidneys filter blood?
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glomeruli
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Why does bacteria have a good chance of entering and colonizing the kidneys causing a UTI?
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Because of the high volume of blood that passes through the kidneys
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Another word for a kidney infection is
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renal tumors
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What causes Pyelonephritis
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most often occurs as a result of urinary tract infection, particularly in the presence of occasional or persistent backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureters or kidney pelvis
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What is the main symptom of Pyelonephritis
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Severe cystitis symptoms, which include frequent, irritating, and strong-smelling urine that can be cloudy and contain blood.
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What cancer does HPV lead to?
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cervical cancer
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What are the top 3 STD's?
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Chlamydia
Gonorrhea Syphilis |
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Why are STD's so difficult for societies to deal with?
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because of sexuality in our culture
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What is the most frequently transmitted STD?
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HPV
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What symptoms are associated with HPV?
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genital warts
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What types of tumors does HPV cause
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benign and malignant
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Pathogenesis of HPV
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Viruses infect and replicate in squamous epithelium (warts) and mucous membranes (genital and oral)
us stimulates cell division and causes thickening of epidermis or mucosa |
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True or False
HPV can disappear on its own? |
True
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What is the worst circumstance of HPV
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cervical cancer
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What is the second most common cancer in women worldwide?
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Cervical
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What is the leading cause of cancer deaths in women in developing countries
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Cervical cancer
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What type of cells does HPV infect?
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epithelia cells
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What drug can be used to close a PDA? Keep a PDA open?
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Indomethacin- CLOSE PDA
Prostaglandins- keep PDA open DA used (deoxyg blood SVA -> Pulm artery -> lower body of fetus) |
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Pathogenesis of genital herpes
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virus infects mucosa of urethra and vagina where it replicates, cells rupture causing inflammation, immune response is stimulated and ulcers form. It spreads from mucosal cells to nerve cells
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True or False
Genital Herpes can reoccur |
true
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Why do genital herpes reoccur?
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because the virus hides in the immune system and when the immune system is suppressed, they reoccur
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True or False
Even people with no sympotoms of Genital herpes can transmit the disease |
True
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What factors can cause the reactivation of genital herpes
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sunlight
menstruation stress diet immune deficiency |
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What is the most common curable STD
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Trichomoniasis
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What causes Trichomoniasis
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a parasite
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How is Trichomoniasis transmitted?
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by fluids
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What does Trichomoniasis infect?
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vaginal and urethra cyrosa
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The genital inflammation caused by trichomoniasis can do what to a woman?
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increase a woman's susceptibility to an HIV infection
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What could happen to Pregnant women with trichomoniasis
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may have babies who are born early or with low birth weight
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Type 1 herpes=
Type 2 herpes= |
1: cold sores and blisters
2: genital herpes |
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What virus causes Genital Herpes?
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herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2
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Where does Trichomonas vaginalis reside
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female lower genital tract and the male urethra and prostate
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How is Trichomonas vaginalis transmitted?
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sexual intercourse
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How and where does Trichomonas vaginalis replicate?
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by binary fission
in the female lower genital tract and the male urethra and prostate |
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In males, what is Trichomonas vaginalis of confused with and why?
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a yeast infection because they have no symptoms
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Why is Trichomonas vaginalis difficult to control?
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because it can be assymptomatic and passed around with out knowing
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Some symptoms of Trichomonas vaginalis
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itching, bad odor, yellow/ green secretions
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What type of infection is Gonorrhea?
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bacterial
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How is the bacteria in gonorrhea transmitted
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bodily fluids
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What are symptoms of Gonorrhea
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burning while urinating and yellow discharge which is a result of the immune response of WBC's
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Pathogenesis of gonorrhea
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Infects epithelial cells of the urethra and vagina
Also infects neutrophils Release LPS which stimulates the production of TNF and inflammation occurs Many neutrophils die which causes pus |
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What type of disease is syphilis?
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Bacterial disease
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How is syphilis transmitted?
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in bodily fluids
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What are the 3 stages of syphilis
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primary
secondary tertiary |
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In what stage of syphilis does a chancre appear and then disappear
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Primary stage
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In what stage of syphilis does Skin rash and mucous membrane lesions occur? and where do they appear?
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secondary stage
hands and feet |
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In what stage of syphilis does difficulty walking and loss of normal thought process occur
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tertiary stage
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At what stage does syphilis become incurable?
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third stage
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What are the lesions of the third stage of syphilis called?
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gummas
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What type of disease is Chlamydia?
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bacterial
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True or False
Syphilis does not damage the internal organs |
false-it can
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What is the most frequently reported bacterial sexually transmitted disease in the United States
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Chlamydia
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What is the age range of the people most affected by chlamydia
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15-30- when people are sexually mature
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Why is chlamydia such an issue?
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asymptomatic and people don't seek treatment
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How is chlamydia transferred?
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Chlamydia can be transmitted during vaginal, anal, or oral sex
Also mother to baby during vaginal birth |
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What is chlamydia know as?
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The silent disease
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What type of cells are affected by chlamydia?
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epithelial cells
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What disease contribute to PID
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Gonorrhea and Chlamydia
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What is PID
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is a general term that refers to infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes and other reproductive organs.
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What can PID lead to
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infertality and sometimes death
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What can prevent chlamydia and gonorrhea
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Latex condoms
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Better terminology for hermaphrodite and pseudohermaphrodites
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Intersex People
Disorders of sex development |
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What is 5-alpha Reductase Deficiency caused by?
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genetic mutation
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What happens to the fetus in 5-alpha Reductase Deficiency
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the xy fetus does not undergo fertilization
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What happens to the genitalia of an intersex person
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female before puberty, male after
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What is secreted at puberty in an intersex person
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5-apha reductase type I is secreted
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What type of deficiency is related to intersex people?
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enzyme
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What is the most common disease associated with intersexism.
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turner's syndrome
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What is Genetic Mosaicism
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Two different types of cells from single zygote
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What is Genetic Chimersism
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Two different types of cells from two different zygotes
E.g. Tetragametic fusion = 46,XX/46XY |
