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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define etiology
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It is the cause of a disease
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What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?
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A sign is any measurement or physical observation.
A symptom is what the patient reports; how he feels. |
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How is a diagnosis made?
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1.Determine the disease process by evalutating the manifestations.
2. Patient history, chief complaint. 3. Physical exam, tests |
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What is pallative treatment?
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Treats the symptoms & makes the patient comfortable.
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What are the 4 phases of inflammation?
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Trigger: trauma & infection
1. Histamine is released & blood flow increases as does permeability. 2. Neutrophil exudation 3. Monocyte exudation 4. Repair/resoration |
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What 3 things may trigger inflammation?
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Chemical agents
Allergies Pathogenic Organisms Trauma Foreign substances Physical agents |
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Describe the WBCs found in inflammation. Which one performs phagocytosis?
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Monocytes & Neutrophils perform phagocytosis.
Eosinophils (incr. with allergy) Basophils (contain histamine) |
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A. Which WBCs are largest in size?
B. Which WBCs are most in quantity? |
A. Monocytes
B. Neutrophils |
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Define inflammation
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The response of living tissue to injury. Removes injured cells and debris and contains the area of injury.
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What are the ways the inflammatory process may end?
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1. Tissue restoration w/ varying amts. of scarring
2. Abscess formation 3. granuloma formation 4. acute inflammation |
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List the signs of inflammation
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Local:
Redness Heat Swelling/edema pain General: Fever Leukocytosis (elevated WBC count) |
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How does chronic inflammation differ from acute?
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Chronic: Exudation & repair occur together
No neutrophils Fibrosis (scarring) Manifestations are less severe than acute inflammation |
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Describe treatments for inflammation.
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Anti-inflammatory drugs
Steroids Antihistamines Antimicrobials Rest/gradual excercise drainage of abscess |
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What are the cell types involved in cell-mediated immunity?
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Two types of Activated Lymphocytes:
Cytotoxic T-cells Supressor T-cells |
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What types of cells are involved in humoral immunity?
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B Lymphocytes.
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Define etiology
|
It is the cause of a disease
|
|
|
What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?
|
A sign is any measurement or physical observation.
A symptom is what the patient reports; how he feels. |
|
|
How is a diagnosis made?
|
1.Determine the disease process by evalutating the manifestations.
2. Patient history, chief complaint. 3. Physical exam, tests |
|
|
What is pallative treatment?
|
Treats the symptoms & makes the patient comfortable.
|
|
|
What are the 4 phases of inflammation?
|
Trigger: trauma & infection
1. Histamine is released & blood flow increases as does permeability. 2. Neutrophil exudation 3. Monocyte exudation 4. Repair/resoration |
|
|
What 3 things may trigger inflammation?
|
Chemical agents
Allergies Pathogenic Organisms Trauma Foreign substances Physical agents |
|
|
Describe the WBCs found in inflammation. Which one performs phagocytosis?
|
Monocytes & Neutrophils perform phagocytosis.
Eosinophils (incr. with allergy) Basophils (contain histamine) |
|
|
A. Which WBCs are largest in size?
B. Which WBCs are most in quantity? |
A. Monocytes
B. Neutrophils |
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Define inflammation
|
The response of living tissue to injury. Removes injured cells and debris and contains the area of injury.
|
|
|
What are the ways the inflammatory process may end?
|
1. Tissue restoration w/ varying amts. of scarring
2. Abscess formation 3. granuloma formation 4. acute inflammation |
|
|
List the signs of inflammation
|
Local:
Redness Heat Swelling/edema pain General: Fever Leukocytosis (elevated WBC count) |
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How does chronic inflammation differ from acute?
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Chronic: Exudation & repair occur together
No neutrophils Fibrosis (scarring) Manifestations are less severe than acute inflammation |
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Describe treatments for inflammation.
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Anti-inflammatory drugs
Steroids Antihistamines Antimicrobials Rest/gradual excercise drainage of abscess |
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What are the cell types involved in cell-mediated immunity?
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Two types of Activated Lymphocytes:
Cytotoxic T-cells Supressor T-cells |
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What types of cells are involved in humoral immunity?
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Plasma cells & memory cells produce immunoglobulins.
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Describe the cell-mediated immune process.
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T-Lymphocytes in the Thymus gland produce Activated Lymphocytes, which in turn produce Cytotoxic T-Cells & Supressor T-Cells.
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What are the was that immunity may be acquired?
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1. Active immunity: vaccine or toxoid is given. Long-lived immunity.
2. Passive immunity: pre-formed antibodies are received thru horse serum, but is short-lived. Immediate results. |
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Name the types of hypersensitivity reactions & give example of each.
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1.Allergy: Penecillin
2.Cytotoxic: Rh disease 3.Immune Complex Mediated: Glomerulonephritis (kidneys) Rheumatic fever (heart) 4.Cell Mediated: transplant rejection, TB skin test |
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Describe anaphylaxis
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Systematic release of histamine causes low blood pressure & swollen airways. Life threatening allergic reaction.
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Describe how AIDS affects the immune system.
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Virus attaches to the CD4+ protein on T-helper cells & destroys them. Decreased T-helper cells makes patient prone to infections.
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What causes AIDS & how is the agent usually spread?
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1.The HIV virus is introduced.
Antibodies produced cannot control the virus. 2. ARC-AIDS Related Complex: enlarged lymph nodes, chronic fever & pain. 3. Full-blown AIDS: When T-helper cell count drops to <500. Spread by body fluids: blood, semen, vaginal secretions. |
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Define autoimmunity and give an example of an autoimmune disease.
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Definition: Antibodies form against body tissues
Examples: MS, Lupus, Rheumatoid Arthritis |
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Define the 4 abnormalities of cell growth.
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1. Hyperplasia: # of cells increase
2. Hypertrophy: size of cells increase 3. Metaplasia: size & # stay the same but cell morphology changes 4. Neoplasia: New type of cellulor growth in a tissue (tumor) |
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Compare & contrast benign & malignant tumors:
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Benign: relatively harmless
Malignant: cancerous...grow & spread throughout the body. Malignant neoplasia = cancer |
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A. Name a benign tumor found in cartlidge.
B. Name a malignant tumor found in bone. |
A. Chondroma
B. Osteoma |
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Give examples of each etiology of malignant neoplasia
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Chemicals used in industry: cosmetics, plastics
Smoking Genetic predisposition: breast cancer Viruses: breast cancer Environmental agents: air/water pollution Radiation: UV rays,xrays Hormones: testosterone>prostate cancer |
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What are the drawbacks to surgical treatment of malignancies?
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Surgery works if it has not metastasized. If the body is weakened by chemo & radiation therapy, surgery is more risky.
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What two types of treatment for malignancies are often combined?
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Chemotherapy & radiation therapy
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Describe Down's Syndrome
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21st pair of chromosomes divides abnormally. Trisomy-21.
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Describe Klinefelter's Syndrome
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Trisomy-23: 23rd pair divides abnormally. XXY
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Describe Turner's Syndrome
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Monosomy-23 = XO
45 Chromosomes, instead of 46. |
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How do autosomal recessive diseases usually occur?
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When heterozygotes mate
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Give three examples of autosomal recessive disease.
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Cystic fibrosis
Sickel Cell Anemia PKU |
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Describe how sex-linked inherited disease usually occurs and give an example.
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From mother to son.
Example: hemophilia |
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What is the usual etiology for congenital defects?
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Anything that interferes with intrauterine development.
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Do the offspring of parents who had a congenital defect have a greater chance than usual of having the same congenital defect that the parent(s) had?
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NO.
The child will not pass the defect on to his/her children! |
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Describe the humoral immune process
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B Lymphocytes interact with plasma cells and memory cells to form immunoglobulins (antibodies).
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