Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Health is a human condition with what three dimensions?
|
Physical, Social, and Psychological, each characterized on a continuum with positive and negative roles
|
|
|
What is the difference between Morbidity and Mortality? What are morbid features?
|
Mobidity - any departure, subjective or objective, fro a state of physical or psychological well-being, short of death
Morbid Features - elevated bp, elevated bs, elevated lipids Mortality - death |
|
|
What is the world Health Organizations definition of disease?
|
State of complete physical, mental, and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmiry
|
|
|
What are the top 10 causes of Death in the United States?*
|
Heart Attack
Cancer Stroke Bronchitis Diabetes Flu and Pneumonia Alzheimer's Kidney disease Systematic infection |
|
|
Prior to 1840...how was disease thought to be caused? What is the major drawback to the thoughts of how disease was caused?*
|
God was punishing you, you are bad
There are MANY causes of disease,there is no one cause for a particular disease |
|
|
After the 1840s and into the early 1900s, what was the cause of disease?
|
Environment = source of disease
Germ theory of disease, disease + man = Diseased Man Important change in these stages...role of genetics. |
|
|
What was the Senescence Theory? What are the differences between signs and symptoms?*
|
Aging causes disease - the persistent decline in functional ability with age due to internal physiological deterioration
Signs are objective (vomiting, jaundice, etc.) Symptoms are subjective (nausea, pain, maliease) |
|
|
What are the other attributes that affect Exposure to disease, fitness, and health?
|
Age, Gender, SES, Personality Characteristics, social, cultural, political, and economic conditions - GENES, Physical environment, temperature, humidity, air quality, altitude, safety
|
|
|
What are the Three parts that make up the Epidemiological Triad?*
|
The Environment, the Agent, and the Host - Means that you are pre-exposed (pre-pathogenesis, mere presence of the disease, and pathogenesis) all of these together cause the disease.
A GENE*ENVIRONMENT interaction This iplies that there is an interaction between the host, environment, and agent. |
|
|
What is exposure? What is a genotype (example)? What is a phenotype (example)?
|
Exposure - an external factor that impacts health or increases/decreases the likelihood of disease
Genotype - Represents the characteristics of the individual at a given gene or set of genes (the gene for green or blue eyes) Phenotype - the visible or measurable characteristics of an organism (blue eyes, brown hair). |
|
|
What does Eukaryotic mean? Where do animal cells contain membranes? What other features doe an animal cell contain?
|
Eukaryotic means that it is an animal cell...animal cells have out outer membrane and their nuclei have an outer membrane as well, they also contain pumps and receptors
|
|
|
What is the Nucleus? What important functions does the nucleus do?*
|
The Nucleus contains all chromosomal DNA and controls the cellular structure and direct cellular function - it is also the most vital organ for cell replication. It produces messages that code for proteins (Mrna)
|
|
|
What is the function of the Cell Membrane?
|
Sorts out what goes in and out of cell.
Anchores the cytoskeleton to provide shape to the cell and attach to the extracellular matrix to help group cells together in formation of tissues - Transports particles by channels and carriers - contains receptors that allow cheical messages to pass between cells and systems |
|
|
What is the cytoplasm used for? What is the Cytoskeleton used for?
|
Cytoplasm - consists of cytosol and cellular organelles, excluding the nucleus - stores chemical substances
Cytoskeleton - Network or proteins: Cellular scaffolding, shape, and organization |
|
|
What are the functions of the ribosomes?
|
p and q are the two units of ribosomes. Mrna come to the ribosome and bind to start protein synthesis. They are free floating or attached to the ER. (Protein Production Machine)
|
|
|
What are Mitochondria used for?
|
Cellular respiration, ATP production, and the Krebs cycle, ETC "power generator"
|
|
|
Lysosomes are what type of organelle?
|
they contain digestive enzymes that digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria
|
|
|
What are Periozisomes?
|
they contain peroxide enzymes, perform a large amount of differentiating tasks, including breaking down fatty acids, chemicals, and toxins
|
|
|
What are primary prevention steps?*
|
Prevention before onset, getting a vaccination, washing hands. Action taken prior to onset of disease.
|
|
|
At what level do we want to tackle disease?*
|
At the level of primary prevention, when a patient begins to present signs and symptoms.
|
|
|
What are secondary prevention steps? What are the drawbacks to these steps?*
|
Action that haults the progression of the disease at its incipient and prevents complications, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment and arrest disease. DB - Person already subjected to mental anguish, pain, and community loss of productivity.
|
|
|
What are the tertiary prevention steps?*
|
measures to limit impairments and disabilities, minimize suffering causing existing departures from good health to promote adjustment to medical conditions and rehabilitation.
|
|
|
What is physical fitness What does it mean to be fit?*
|
The ability to perform muscular work satisfactorily, or the ability to perform daily activities with vigor, demonstration of traits and capacities that are associated with low risk of chronic disease.
|
|
|
What are the 5 Components that make up Physical Fitness?
|
Mental Stability
Vital Organ Functioning Muscular Strength Muscular Endurance Flexibility |
|
|
What are the Goldgi Apparatus for?
|
They process and package macromolecules synthesized by the cell.
|
|
|
What are the 8 functions of a cell?
|
1. Obtain nutrients and O2 from the environment
2. Perform Chemical reactions using the above to provide energy 3. Eliminate reaction by-products and wastes 4. synthesize proteins and other components for structure, growth, and cellular function 5.Being sensitive and responsive to changes in surrounding environment 6. Control and exchange of materials between cell and surrounding environment 7. aterials from one part of the cell to another in carrying out cellular activities 8. The cases of most cells - reproducing |
|
|
What is the Centriole?
|
The centriole lies close to the nucleus and initiates cell division
|
|
|
What are some examples of specialized cells within the body?
|
Neurons, Sperm, Egg, Nephrons, Nerve Cells, Gland Cells, Muscle Cells,
|
|
|
What is Atrophy? Hypertrophy or Hyperplasia?
|
Reduction in the size of the cells in response to diminished function, inadequate hormonal stimulation, or reduced blood flow. Hypertrophy/plasia is an increase in the size or number of cells in response to increased workload.
|
|
|
What is metaplasia or dysplasia?
|
Metaplasia is the change of one type of cell to another type that is better able to tolerate some adverse environmental condition. Dysplasia is when the development of cells is disturbed and abnormal (pre-cursor to cancer)or decreased enzyme synthesis - FOG fibers/endurance training.
|
|
|
What are the three ways by which a cell can die?
|
Autolysis, Necrosis, and Programmed Cell Death.
|
|
|
What is autolysis?
|
Process of the destruction of cells brought about by the actions of their own enzymes (lysosomes turn inside out) self-splitting.
|
|
|
Necrosis is what?
|
Death of cells by disease/infection, physical or chemical injury, or interference with the blood supply - accidental death
|
|
|
What is programmed cell death?
|
Not all cell death occurs because of cell injury (necrosis), Cells have a predetermined life span.
|
|
|
What is apoptosis?
|
Cell death that occurs to both normal and diseased cells because of genetic programming
|
|
|
What are the Programmed Theories for Sensenance theory of disease?
|
Programmed Theories: Genetically determined, and Gene expression effects cellular systems responsible for positive health
|
|
|
What are the 2 Error Theories?
|
1. Due to damage in the DNA, RNA, or organelles that occurs at a pace more rapid than the cell's ability to repair itself. 2. may be due to radiation or other environmental exposure accumulation of metabolic by-products over time
|
|
|
What are the 4 primary types of tissue?
|
Muscle - contraction and force generation; Nervous - inhibition and transmission of impulses; Epithelial -Specializes in exchange of materials between locations; Connective - connect, support, anchors (bone,cartilage)
|
|
|
What is Epidemiology?
|
The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control of health problems
|
|
|
What is an Epidemic?
|
The occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy
|
|
|
What is a pandemic?
|
More widespread than an epidemic, world-wide epidemic
|
|
|
What is infectious disease Epidemilogy?
|
AIDS, Measles,food poisonings,immunizations prevention etc.
|
|
|
What is Chronic Disease Epidemiology?
|
Causal factors for cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes,osteoporosis, Alzheimers disease, etc.
|
|
|
What an epidemic?
|
The occurance in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior,or other health-related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy.
|
|
|
What is Occupational Epidemiology,What is Psychiatric Epidemiology?
|
OE - Occupational diseases (blacklung, asbestos)
PE - ental Health and Illness, depression, dementia,psychoses, mental retardation,etc. |
|
|
What is Behavioral Epidemiology?
|
BE - Behavioral factors as casual agents in disease andortality, behavioral disorders, (risk taking, violence,lifestyle, bulimia, drug abuse,domestic violence,health promoting behaviors, diet, exercise,stress management.
|
|
|
What is Pharacoepidemiology?
|
Use and misuse of prescription and over the counter drugs,latrogenic illness,drug efficacy,unintended adverse and beneficial effects of drugs
|
|
|
What is Physical Activity Epidemiology?
|
The study of the association of physical activity, as a health-related behavior, with disease and other health outcomes, the application of this study to the prevention and control of disease and the promotion of health.
|
|
|
What is Genetic Epidemiology?
|
Genetic and environmental contributions to chronic diseases, familial aggregation of diseases,sex-linked genetic diseases, etc.
|
|
|
What are the two branches of epidemilogy?
|
Descriptive and Analytic
D = Concerned with establishing the rates of a diseaseor health-related event.How common? What is the distribution...person, place, and time? A = Concerned with trying to identigy potential causative factors that may be associated iwth a disease or health-related event. Testing a hypothesis about the relationship of an exposure to an outcome. |
