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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Oncology
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Branch of medicine concerned with the study, development, treatment, and prevention of cancer.
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Oncologists
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Internal medicine physicians who treat both solid tumors and liquid tumors.
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solid tumors
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Carcinomas and sarcomas
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liquid tumors
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Hematologic malignancies such as leukemias.
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surgical oncologists
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Specialize in the surgical resection of cancer.
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radiation oncologists
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Specialize in the treatment of cancer using radiation therapy.
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medical oncologists
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Specialize in the use of chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer.
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gynecologic oncologists
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Oncologists specialize in the treatment of cancers related to certain body systems, such as the female reproductive system.
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pediatric oncologists
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Specialize in treating cancers that affect children.
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aggressiveness
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The degree to which (or speed at which) a tumor grows and spreads.
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anaplasia
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Literally, "backward formation" or "backward growth." This is when cells are highly undifferentiated and revert to a more primitive cell type-something that is characteristic of most malignancies.
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benign
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Noncancerous.
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carcinogen
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An agent that produces cancer.
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carcinoma
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A malignant tumor that arises fromt he layers of epithelial cells that cover the body's surface or that line the internal organs and various glands. (Carcinoma is the most common form of cancer.)
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carcinoma in situ
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Localized tumor growth.
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cure
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Complete elimination of a cancer with the result that the specific cancer will not grow back.
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differentiated cells
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Normal cells that develop in a highly organized way.
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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A nucleic acid found in all living cells. It carries the genetic information of an organism.
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malignant
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Cancerous.
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metastasis
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The process by which tumor cells spread to different parts of the body.
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neoplasm
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General term for a tumor, whether cancerous or noncancerous.
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precursor
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Something that precedes and indicates the approach of something else. For example, a polyp may be a precursor of a cancerous tumor of the colon.
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recurrence (relapse)
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When cancerous cells return after treatment.
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remission
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Absence of all evidence of a cancer after treatment.
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sarcoma
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A malignant tumor that arises from connective tissue such as cartilage, fat muscle, or bone.
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tumor
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Abnormal growth or mass.
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survival rate
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The percentage of people who survive for a given time period after cancer treatment. For example, the 5-year survival rate is the percentage of people who survive 5 years after cancer treatment.
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undifferentiated cells
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Abnormal cells that develop in a highly disorganized way. Cancer cells are undifferentiated.
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staging
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Used to determine the size of a tumor and the existence of metastasis.
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tumor grading
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Pathologist also use a tumor grading system which refers to the degree of abnormality of cancer cells compared with normal cells.
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TNM staging system
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The most common systme used staging tumors.
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leukemia
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A malignant disease of white blood cells, which affects all age groups. The immature white blood cells (blast cells) generate in an explosive fashion in the bone marrow, the lymph tissue, and the spleen. As the disease progresses, the bone marrow continues to produce large numbers of useless cells. The peripheral circulation is filled with the abnormal cells, and the bone marrow is packed with the blast cells; production of most other normal cells is impossible. Leukemias are classifiedas either acute or chronic, and either lymphoid or myeloid. Symptoms of acute leukemias begin very affect the lymphocytes: myeloid leukemias originate in the bone marrow.
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types of leukemia
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Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
Acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) Chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). |
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mesothelioma
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A form of cancer linked to asbestos exposure that occurs in the membrane that lines the lungs and chest cavity (pleural mesothelioma) or the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity (peritoneal mesothelioma).
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multiple myeloma
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A cancer of plasma cells in which abnormal plasma cells multiply uncontrollably in the bone marrow and occasionally in other parts of the body.
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apheresis
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A procedure in which blood is removed form a patient, certain fluid and cellular elements are removed and the blood is then infused back into the patient. The removal of leukocytes is called leukapheresis: the removal of cellular material is called cytaphereiss: and the removal of noncellular materials is called plasmapheresis. Apheresis is used to treat various disease conditions and to harvest blood cells.
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biopsy
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Obtaining a representative tissue sample for microscopic examination, usually to establish a diagnosis. The tissue may be obtained surgically or through a syringe and needle. The procedure can be guided by computed tomography, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, or radiography. The three most common biopsy methods are the excisional, incisional, and needle methods.
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bone marrow biopsy
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The extraction of a small amount of bone marrow tissue from the bone marrow cavity through a needle.
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exfoliative cytology
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The study of cells shed form body surfaces, especially for determining the presence or absence of cancer. An example of exfoliative cytology is the Pap test.
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CA-125
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Cancer antigen 125. This is a cancer-associated antigen that can be tested for by a blood test. If the test is positive (greater than 35), then the antigen is present in the blood and cancer may be present. The test is usually done to detect the presence of ovarian cancer.
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prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test
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Blood test to screen for prostate cancer.
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cryosurgery
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Malignant tissue is frozen and thus destroyed. This procedure is occasionally used to treat bladder and prostate tumors.
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electrocauterization
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Malignant tissue is destroyed by burning. Electrocauterization may be used to treat tumors of the rectum and colon, when surgical removal is not possible.
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En bloc resection
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Tumor is removed along with a large area of surrounding tissue containing lymphy nodes. Modified radical mastectomy, colectomy, and gastrectomy are examples.
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excisional biopsy
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Removal of tumor and a margin of normal tissue. This procedure provides a specimen for diagnosis and may be curative for small tumors.
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exenteration
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Wide resection involving removal of the tumor, its organ of origin, and all surrounding tissue in the body space. Pelvic exenteration may be performed to treat large primary tumors of the uterus.
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incisional biopsy
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A piece of tumor is removed for examination to establish a diagnosis.
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agoraphobia
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An anxiety disorder characterized by fear of being trapped in situations or places with no way to escape easily if anxiety or panic develops. Causes avoidance or limitation in activities conducive to anxiety.
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amnestic disorder, amnesia
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A cognitive disorder marked by a loss of long-term memory. May be result of trauma, brain injury, or disease.
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anhedonia
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Absence of pleasure from acts that would ordinarily be pleasurable; often a symptom of depression.
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anorexia nervosa
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An eating disorder characterized by extreme fear of becoming obese and an aversion to food. Usually occurs in young women and can result in life-threatening weight loss and amenorrhea.
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antisocial personality disorder
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A personality disorder characterized by little concern for other and no moral standards. A person suffering from this disorder acts only in response to personal desires and impulses; synonymous with psychopathic, sociopathic personality.
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asperger syndrome
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A pervasive developmental disorder marked by severe, enduring impairment in social skills, and restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests causing impaired social and occupational functioning but without significant delays in language development.
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attention deficit disorder (ADD)
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A disorder usually diagnosed in childhood and characterized by decreased attention span, poor concentration, increased impulsivity, and hyperactivity manifested at home, school, and in social situations. Medicaiton is available to control the symptoms. Sometimes this disorder persists into adulthood. The more common name for this disorder is now attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
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autistic disorder
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A pervasive developmental disorder characterized by a severe lack of response to other people. Symptoms include withdrawal, inability to interact, and retarded language development.
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bipolar disorder
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A mood disorder marked by the occurrence of alternating periods of mania and depression. Also known as manic-depressive disorder.
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body dysmorphic disorder
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A somatoform disorder characterized by a preoccupation with some imagined defect in appearance in a normal-looking person.
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borderline personality disorder
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A personality disorder characterized by instability in moods, relationships, self-image, and behavior. this instability causes a significant disruption in family and work life. Patients with this disorder often engage in self-injurious behavior and have a fear of abandonment.
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bulimia nervosa
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An eating disorder involving repeated, secretive episodes of binge eating followed by purging behavior (self-induced vomiting, use of laxatives or diuretics) to prevent weight gain; often accompanied by feelings of guilt, depression, and shame.
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catatonia
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A phase in which a patient is unresponsive, marked by the tendency to remain in a fixed posture and the inability to move or talk. Catatonia may occur in schizophrenia, mood disorders, or organic mental disorders.
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conversion disorder
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A somatoform disorder characterized by the conversion of mental conflict into a physical symptom (eg. paralysis, numbness, sudden blindness, etc.) Formerly known as hysteria.
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dementia
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A progressive, irreversible decline in mental function, marked by memory impairment, confusion, and changes in personality. Dementia can be caused by infection or toxins but is most commonly associated with structural brain disease, such as Alzheimer disease.
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dependent personality disorder
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A personality disorder characterized by an excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behaviors and fear of separation.
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dissociative amnesia
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A dissociative disorder marked by an inability to recall important personal information, usually of a stressful or traumatic nature.
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dissociative fugue
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A dissociative disorder characterized by sudden, unexpected travel away from home or work with an inability to recall one's past and personal identity.
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dissociative identity
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A dissociative disorder marked by ther presence of two or more distinct identities or personalities; formerly known as multiple personality disorder.
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dysthymic disorder
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A disorder characterized by a chronic disturbance of mood such as mild depression or loss of inerest in usual activities.
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enuresis
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Childhood elimination disorder of repeated passage of of feces in inappropriate places for at least 3 months after the age of 5.
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encopresis
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Childhood elimination disorder of repeated passage of feces in inappropriate places for at least 3 months after the age of 4.
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gender identity disorder
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Characterized by a strong, enduring cross-gender identification, belief, or desire to be the other sex; involves persistent discomfort with one's sex or the gender roles of one's sex, such that there is distress or impairment in functioning.
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hypochondriasis
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A somatoform disorder in which a person believes that he or she is suffering from a serious disease for which on physical basis exists.
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hypomania
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A mild degree of mania.
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histrionic personality disorder
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A personality disorder in which the person is emotional, attention-seeking, immature, dependent, and theatrical, and exhibits irrational outbursts and tantrums.
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kleptomania
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An impulse control disorder characterized by failure to resist impulses to steal even through the items are not needed.
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labile
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Emotionally unstable; exhibiting rapid shifts form one emotion to another.
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major depressive disorder
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A mood disorder with chronic sadness, loss of energy, hopelessness, worry, and often, suicidal thoughts or impulses.
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male erectile disorder
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A sexual dysfunction characterized by the recurrent inability to attain or maintain an adequate erection until the completion of the sexual activity. This disorder causes marked distress or interpersonal difficulty.
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mania
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A mood characterized by an unstable, expansive emotional state, extreme excitement, excessive elation, hyperactivity, inflated self-esteem, and agitation.
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Munchausen syndrome
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A factitious disorder in which someone pretends to be sick or deliberately causes illness or injury in order to fulfill deep emotional needs. People with Munchausen syndrome may make up symptoms, push for risky operations, or try to rig laboratory test results in theri effort to win sympathy and concern.
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Munchausen syndrome by proxy
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A factitous disorder in which someone-usually a mother-deliberately makes another person (most often his or her own preschool child) sick or convinces others that the child has medical problems by lying and reporting fictitious episodes. He or she may exaggerate, fabricate, or even induce symptoms. as a result, doctors usually order tests, try different types of medications, and may even hospitalize the child or perform surgery to determine the cause.
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narcissistic personality disorder
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A personality disorder marked by a grandiose sense of self-importance or uniqueness and preoccupation with fantasies of success and power coupled with a lack of empathy for others.
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obsessive-compulsive disorder
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An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and persistent thoughts and feelings and repetitive, ritualized behaviors.
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oppositional defiant disorder
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A disorder of childhood or adolescence marked by a recurrent pattern of hostile and disobedient behavior toward authority figures.
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panic attack
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A period of intense fear and rapid development of accelerated heart rate, shaking, shortness of breath, tightness in the chest, and dizziness. Often related to the fear of losing control or dying.
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panic disorder
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An anxiety disorder marked by recurrent panic attacks accompanied by either worry about having additional attacks or a change in behavior related to the attacks.
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paranoid personality disorder
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A personality disorder in which a person is continually suspicious and mistrustful of others to the degree of blaming others for his or her own mistakes and failures and goes to abnormal lengths to validate biases, prejudices, and attitudes.
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paraphilia
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A sexual disorder characterized by recurrent intense sexual urge, fantasy, or behavior that involves unusual objects, activities, or situations.
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pathological gambling
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An impulse-control disorder marked by recurrent maladaptive gambling behavior that disrupts personal, family , or work pursuits.
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pedophilia
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A paraphilia characterized by the sexual urges and fantasies of someone who is at least 16 years old that involve sexual activity with a prepubescent child (age 13 or younger).
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post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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An anxiety disorder marked by the development of symptoms after exposure to an extreme traumatic, life-threatening event.
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primary insomnia
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Sleep disorder marked by difficulty initiating sleep.
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pyromania
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An impulse-control disorder characterized by multiple episodes of purposeful fire setting.
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schizophrenia
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A severe psychotic disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, flat affect, and impaired ability to initiate activities.
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seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
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A depressive mood disorder that occurs approximately the same time year after year and spontaneously remits at the same time each year. Most common type is winter depression and is characterized by morning hypersomnia, low energy, increased appetite, weight gain, and carbohydrate craving that disappear in the spring.
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separation anxiety disorder
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Childhood disorder characterized by extreme fear concerning separation from home or from those tow whom the child is attached.
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sleep terror disorder
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A sleep disorder characterized by repeated occurrence of abrupt awakenings from sleep with a panicky cry, intense fear, and unresponsiveness to efforts of other to provide comfort.
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sleepwalking
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A sleep disorder (also called somnambulism) in which a person engages in activities that are normally associated with wakefulness while he or she is asleep.
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social phobia
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An anxiety disorder marked by fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur; formerly called social anxiety disorder.
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specific phobia
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Any persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that results in a compelling desire to avoid the feared stimulus.
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transference
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In the situation of psychodynamic therapy, it is generally applied to the projection of feelings, thoughts, and wishes onto the therapist, who has come to symbolically represent an important person from the patient's past.
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trichotillomania
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An impulse-control disorder characterized by recurrent pulling out of one's hair resulting in noticeable hair loss and accompanied by increasing tension before, and pleasure or relief after act.
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intelligence tests
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Tests used by psychologists to assess and individual's general aptitude or level of potential competence (as posed to achievement) by using well-researched questions and systematic method of administration and scoring. Several such tests exist, but the most common include the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.
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mental status examination (MSE)
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Examination based on observations and answers to structured questions regarding patient appearance, behavior, mood, thought processes, cognitive function, coping mechanisms, and potential for self-destructive behavior.
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personality tests
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Tests used by psychologists to assess personality traits, emotions, psychological strengths, coping strategies, gender identification, self-esteem, inner conflicts and fears, and defenses; types of personality tests include objective and projective tests.
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psychotherapy
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Treatment of emotional problems by using psychological techniques.
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behavior therapy
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Treatment of behavioral or emotional problems by modification of maladaptive patterns of behavior and substituting new responses
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cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
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Treatment of behavioral or emotional problems by modifying maladaptive, negative thoughts that are believed to affect the way that we feel and behave.
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play therapy
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Child therapy; using games and toys to observe the behavior, affect, and interactions a child exhibits to gain insight into the thoughts, feelings, and experiences of the child that he or she may not be able to communicate in a direct manner.
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psychodynamic therapy
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A psychotherapy method in which the role of the past in shaping the present is emphasized with a focus on self-understanding. The purpose is to uncover underlying inner conflicts by studying the influence of past experiences on the motivation of present behavior.
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psychoanalysis
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A form of psychotherapy in which the therapist analyzes and interprets a patient's unconscious thoughts using free association (free reporting of anything that comes to mind), questioning, and analyzing. This form of therapy is generally long term and term intensive.
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couples/marital therapy
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Treatment of two people in an intimate relationship or marriage to help them understand and resolve interpersonal conflicts.
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family therapy
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Treatment of an entire family to help resolve and understand conflicts and problems. Focus is on the patterns among family members that support and sustain symptoms.
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group therapy
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Therapy with a group of patients with similar problems to gain insight into personal issues through discussions and interaction with each other. Groups are usually facilitated by a clinician, who helps to provide structure and guidance to the group.
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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
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This treatment involves passing an electrical current through the brain to create a brief seizure in the brain. Used mainly to treat severe depression that has been unresponsive to medication.
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hypnosis
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A mental state that resembles sleep but that is induced by suggestion. Hypnosis has been used to promote positive behavior change (such as quitting smoking), to aid in pain management, or to help with the recovery of repressed memories.
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phototherapy
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The direct administration of high-intensity light treatment to combat seasonal affective disorder.
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