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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Senescence and what does it look like?
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The process of biological aging resulting in declines in function
-Significant variation across systems and between individuals -Impacted by individual and external contextual factors -Peak of physical and sensory development occurs in early 20s |
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What does aging look like at the cellular level?
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-Telomere shortening: cessation cell division, associated with disease progression and earlier death
-Life of telomere and telomerase activity negatively associated with prenatal nutrition, smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, persistent psychological stress -Free radicals |
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What is the Cross linkage theory?
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Elasticity of connective tissues diminishes due to connection of separate fibers
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What does aging look like at the Systems level?
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Endocrine and immune systems decline
-Immune function declines after 20 with reduced thymus size and fx Cardiovascular system: heart’s ability to keep up with stressful exercise declines due to loss of elasticity of muscle, decreased maximum HR, atherosclerosis, hypertension Respiratory system: lung capacity diminishes Motor abilities decline with heart, lung, and endocrine system declines -Research demonstrates activities requiring speed and power peak in early 20s; late 20s-early 30s for endurance activities |
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What are some facts about reproduction in early adulthood?
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-Fertility declines for both men and women in 30s
-First time parents in 30s increasing -Men produce less viable sperm and sperm with less mobility after age 35 -Rates of fertility problems for women increase 10% between ages 15 to 29 and 35 to 44- Minimum reserve of eggs is major cause |
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How do nutrition and activity play key roles in aging?
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-Weight gain typical between 25 and 40
-Due to decline in basal metabolic rate and changes in American diet -Being overweight or obese in childhood adds increased risk -US DHHS (2009) 30 minutes moderate activity five times weekly or 20 minutes vigorous activity three times weekly -Low-fat and reduced fat diet debates -Two thirds of Americans are overweight or obese Increased risk of obesity for minorities |
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What are some type of treatment for obesity?
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-Intensive Behavioral Therapy for Obesity (IBT)
-Multidisciplinary team approaches superior to physician-only approaches |
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How is SES associated with health?
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-Socioeconomic status has strong relationship with incidence of nearly all diseases and health indicators
-Lower income and less education associated with poorer health outcomes |
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The average American household spends the most money on?
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Housing
Transportation Food (In that order) |
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What age group is most like to abuse substances?
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Most prevalent for young adults 19-22 years old
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What percentage of Americans 21-25 years old abuse substances?
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20%
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What are some facts about cigarette smoking?
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-Has been reduced by 40% since 1965
-Less change in those without college education -Rates increases from 17 to 27.9% below the poverty line |
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How is alcohol abuse linked to substance abuse?
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-Alcohol abuse has genetic contribution, but 50% of hospitalizations show no family history
-Onset of abuse earlier for men than women, teens to 20s compared to 30s and 40s -Abuse less likely in cultures without specific prohibitions or identification of alcohol as part of adulthood transition -Multiple health and social implications of abuse -White Americans more likely to develop alcohol abuse over lifetime than other groups, American Indians more likely to develop alcohol dependence over lifetime |
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Which state has the highest smoking rate?
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Kentucky
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What are some rates of sexuality in Americans?
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65% have had sex by end of high school, nearly all by 25 when gender and SES differences drop off
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How do men/women rate casual sex?
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Men rate casual sexual relationships as more desirable than women, but have roughly the same number of partners
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What is some info about sexual complaints?
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-Rates of persistent sexual complaints higher among women
-Lack of orgasm or interest versus premature climax or performance anxiety |
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What are some signs that acceptance of same-sex relationships is making progress?
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-59% Americans support same-sex marriage (Washington Post-ABC News Poll), but 33 states have legal prohibitions
-Research (Coffman, Coffman, & Marzilli Ericson, 2013) suggests underreporting of LGBT identity and behavior as well as anti-LGBT sentiment |
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What are some facts about sexual coercion and women?
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-15 to 20% of American women have experienced rape and 20% to nearly 60% of women have experienced other forms of sexual aggression
-Offenders most often known to survivors -Alcohol frequently involved as offenders take advantage of inability to consent -Male offenders are more likely to endorse rape myths, support sexual aggression and traditional gender roles, interpret female partners’ behaviors as seductive -Underreporting of sexually assault and sexually coercive behaviors, OUPD says only 12 reports of sex offenses in 2012 |
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What are some facts about sexual coercion and men?
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-15 to 30% of American males report coercive behaviors by women, OU Women’s Outreach Center reports most male-to-male assault is perpetrated by men who identify as heterosexual against men they believe are homosexual
-Stigma, fear of lack of effective prosecution, lack of awareness of resources leads to low reporting -OU houses SART services in Women’s Outreach Center |
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Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Model ends with the formal operational stage, what does it entail?
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-Adolescents (11 onward) develop ability for logical, systematic thinking
-Piaget said there might be development beyond this stage *Cognitive development beyond this stage called postformal thought |
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What is Perry’s Theory of Epistemic Cognition?
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-Research with Harvard graduates and epistemic thought
-Progression from dualistic (positive-negative) orientation to relativistic (multiple truths) to commitment within relativistic thought (synthesis of perspectives) -Peer interaction and struggle with ambiguous questions seen as beneficial for reflection |
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What is Labouvie-Vief’s Theory of Pragmatic Thought & Cognitive-Affective Complexity?
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-Reliance on logic as problem solving tool
-Recognition of contradictions in life -Improved ability to identify and integrate emotional experience -Both believed to increase self-reflection and perspective-taking |
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Approximately how many American high school graduates enroll in some form of higher education?
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2/3
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What are some facts about dropout rates?
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-Drop-out rates 45% and 30% for two and four-year institutions, respectively
-Common contributors to drop-out include: inadequate support, financial strain, inadequate academic preparation, transition issues -Financial costs pose serious barriers and stressors -Tuition, room, and board for public undergraduate education increased from $2550 to $15918 from 1980-1981 to 2010-2011 (2011 dollars) Government investment in and grants for education decreased starting in the 1970s and private and government backed loans become more common $1.2 trillion in student loan debt nationally (Consumer Financial Protection Bureau) and average $29400 for class of 2012 |
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College attendance is associated with a number of positive cognitive changes, what are some?
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-Improved perspective taking, moral development, self-reflection, reasoning, and problem-solving
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What is Donald Super’s Developmental Self-Concept Theory?
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-Growth (birth to mid-teens): fantasy, interest, capacity
-Exploration (mid-teens to early 20s): tentative, crystallization of interest, preference -Establishment (mid-20s to mid-40s): trial, stabilization, advancement -Maintenance (40s to 60s): preserving attainment Disengagement (late 60s to retirement): reduced focus on occupational activities |
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What are Holland personality types?
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Investigative, Social, Realistic, Artistic, Conventional, Enterprising
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How do family and educational experiences influence vocation selection?
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-Tendency to pursue occupations of similar status as parents, question of opportunities
-Limited opportunities for those with high school education or less |
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What are some gender differences in terms of vocation?
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-Challenges for those seeking employment in gender-typed fields
-Notable pay gaps for same work for women |
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What are some facts about Emerging adulthood?
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Relatively new concept of in terms of development
-18-25 year olds and parents seem to agree about gray area between adolescence and full adulthood -Increased time spent in education, prolonged period of dependence on family of origin, later family development of their own Period of increased independence, exploration, decision-making power continuing from adolescence Not normative across all cultures or SES brackets |
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What happens in the Intimacy versus Isolation Stage?
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-Focus on establishing intimate relationships with others
-Some struggle with isolation as result of early problematic relationships, lack of identity formation -Identity moratorium (high exploration, low commitment) associated with low relational fidelity and love -Successful resolution of this stage leads to generativity of later early (career and family) to middle adulthood (social engagement) |
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What are Levinson's thoughts on Social Development?
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Seasons of Life (stages) and life structure
-Distinct phases preceded by transitions in which individuals seek congruence between societal and personal expectations Life structure: overarching design of life comprising relationships with others including social institutions, groups, and individuals Formation of “dream” of career self and work toward achieving, often with help from mentor Seek partner afterward and culminating life structure to achieve congruence Limited in terms of diversity of age, education, and career goals of those interviewed |
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What are Valliant's thoughts on Social Development?
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Adaptation to Life
-Longitudinal study of men from college until age 70 -Asked about family, career, health -Later looked at women who showed similar patterns to men -Rejected strict age schedule Suggested gap between Erikson’s intimacy versus isolation (20s) and later generativity (40s) was career-focused period for men during 30s Followed by period of cultural/values preservation and passing onto next generation (50s and 60s) prior to ego integrity versus despair 70s marked by increase in spirituality Limited sample |
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What are some facts about romantic love?
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Generally select partners who are similar on dimensions of age, ethnicity, SES, religion, personality, education, attractiveness
Gender typing leads men and women to rate differ partner traits as more desirable -Women place greater value intelligence, moral character, financial status, ambition -Men greater value on attractiveness, domestic skills -Evolutionary perspective suggests looking for advantageous mates: strong, committed male partners and fertile, high-caregiving female partners Relationship quality and interaction style tied parent-child attachment and observed patterns of relationships of caregivers, important others |
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What is Secure Attachment?
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-comfortable with intimacy, generally not fearful of abandonment
-Parents were often warm, supportive (style?) -Able to establish romantic relationships based in love, friendship, trust |
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What is Anxious Attachment?
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-fearful about loss of abandonment, clingy, consistent need for reassurance
-Parents were often excessively protective -Dependency, difficulty with separation with partners or individuation |
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What is Avoidant Attachment?
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-uncomfortable developing closeness or intimacy, mistrust of others
-Parents were often harshly critical and demanding, low on support (style?) -Those with avoidant attachment styles have difficulty responding & trusting to partners, may have unrealistic expectations for relationships, problematic behaviors |
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What is Disorganized Attachment?
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-inconsistent pattern of interaction
-Often associated with abuse |
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What is Ambivalent/Resistant Attachment?
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-fearful of abandonment, jealous, emotionally reactive
-Parents were often unpredictable or unreliable (style?) -Learn love is contingency-based |
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What are some facts about how adults make friendships?
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-As with romantic partners and at previous developmental stages, tendency toward selection of friendships with like others
Berk cites research suggesting women have more intimate same-sex relationships -Socialization and gender-typing -May be problematic definitions of intimacy, intimacy also increases with time -Men especially seek increased emotional support from partners |
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How are sibling relationships once people reach adulthood?
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Sibling relationships that were positive in childhood frequently continue to be close in adulthood
Particularly for same-sex pairings, sisters |
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How are cross-sex relationships correlated with marriage?
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Cross-sex friendships prevalent prior to marriage
-Romantic relationships with basis in prior friendship may be more stable -The End of Sex: How Hookup Culture is Leaving a -Generation Unhappy, Sexually Unfulfilled, and -Confused about Intimacy (Freitas, 2013) Freitas is professor of religion at Boston University Decline for men following marriage, increase for women due to workplace |
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What are some facts about loneliness?
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-Can be common in young adulthood as transitions between education and work settings often involve loss of relationships and forming new social networks
-Loss of romantic relationships also common as many young adults seek long-term partners are a common trigger of loneliness -Acculturation stress -Social anxiety and insecure attachment history are risk factors for loneliness in adulthood -John Cacciopo-University of Chicago It is Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection (2008) |
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What are some facts about when people leave home?
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-typical expectations are to move out of parents’ home in late teens early 20s, recent economic decline has resulted in increased return rate
-More common in American Indian, Latino, and -African American families due to poverty and intergenerational family traditions |
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What are some facts about marriage/partnering?
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-mean ages mid- to late-20s and cohabitation is more common (50% of American couples)
-Couples often face challenges in terms of role expectations, relationship satisfaction, physical and mental health, finances, sex -Satisfaction declines with engagement in conflict marked by withdrawal, defensiveness, stubbornness (Gottman, 1989) -Satisfaction over time look to Kiecolt-Glaser; Kurdek; Gottman |
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What are some facts about parenthood?
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-70% of married couples have children, waiting longer than previously
-Marital satisfaction following transition linked to relationship quality before birth |
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When it comes to co-parenting what are some things to consider?
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-Negotiating differences and coherent parenting strategies/philosophies
-Coparenting alliance: ability to which parents can collaborate and work together (Abidin, 1988; Abidin & Brunner, 1995) -Gatekeeping behavior (Schoppe-Sullivan et al., 2008) -Finding childcare and transitioning through children’s developmental needs are common challenges |
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How does childlessness effect people?
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-Increase from 9% to 20% of women between 20 and 44 from 1975 to 2005
-Economic and career reasons common, freedom and martial satisfaction -Satisfaction reduced only for those who are without due to infertility |
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How do divorce and remarriage effect people?
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-Amato & Rogers (1997) top predictors of divorce infidelity, money, substance use, emotional regulation, annoying habits
-Divorce in parents increases likelihood of divorce for two generations -Average remarriage within four years and are more likely to divorce again -Blended family stress, recurrent negative relationship patterns, more accepting of divorce, practical basis for relationship development -Average of 3-5 years to develop blended family cohesion |
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What are some facts about blended/stepfamilies?
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-struggle with parenting roles
-Report more conflict and tension -Combination of issues related to multiple levels of family relations |
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What are some facts about single parent families?
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-10% of American children live with never married, single parents
-Most are single mothers -Most seek extended family support -Never married, single motherhood associated with increased financial difficulty, educational and conduct issues more likely for children -Better outcomes than being in unhealthy marriage, however |
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Who is most likely to be never married, single parents than other groups?
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African American women
-A third marry within nine years of birth of first child -Commonly nonbiological parents will take on role and identity as biological parent, lack problems typical in blended families and function like other first marriages |
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What are some facts about LGBT parents?
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Most are parents from earlier relationships
-Adoption and alternative conception options more common now Some US states still ban adoption by LGBT parents Research supports LGBT couples equally good parents and their children are no different in adjustment or gender role preference -Primary differences are related to being in biased social environment Face challenges from extended family who may not be supportive -Often seek support from community of friends Some evidence of harassment of children of LGBT couples in limited research -Managed with limited disclosure by most |
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What are some facts about work/home balance?
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-Dual-earner families are the norm leading to challenges of meeting expectations of multiple roles
Berk focuses challenges facing women, but… -This is an issue for both men and women -Evidence for dual-directional spillover-crossover effects -Social and workplace barriers to meeting expectations for multiple roles of employee, partner, and parent |
