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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What happens in Stage 1 of, Kholberg's moral dev. theory, pre-conventional morality?
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Punishment-avoidance and obedience: make moral decisions strictly on the basis of self interests. Disobey rules if can do so without getting caught.
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What happens in Stage 2 of, Kholberg's moral dev. theory, pre-conventional morality?
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Exchange of favors: recognize that others have needs, but make satisfaction of own needs a higher priority.
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What happens in Stage 3 of, Kholberg's moral dev. theory, conventional morality?
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Good boy/Good girl: Make decisions on the basis of what will please others. Concerned about maintaining interpersonal relations.
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What happens in Stage 4 of, Kholberg's moral dev. theory, conventional morality?
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Law and order: Look to society as a whole for guidelines of behavior. Think of rules as inflexible and unchangeable.
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What happens in Stage 5 of, Kholberg's moral dev. theory, post- conventional morality?
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Social construct: Recognize that rules are social agreements that can be changed when necessary.
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What happens in Stage 6 of, Kholberg's moral dev. theory, post- conventional morality?
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Universal Ethical Principle: Adhere to a small number of abstract principles that transcend specific, concrete rules. Answer to an inner conscience.
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What does research say about Kholberg's theory of moral dev?
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Research supports slow, progressive development
-By early adolescence move from Stage 1 and 2 toward Stage 3 by mid-adolescence on to Stage 4 in late adolescent and young adulthood -Evidence suggests few move to Stage 5 and Stage 6, as he conceived it hasn’t been clearly identified -Gibbs (1991, 2010) argues conventional level is more than just social conformity and encompasses valuing of reciprocity and understanding of socially agreed upon values -Some argue postconventional levels are limited to those with advanced study and knowledge of philosophy |
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What did Carol Gilligan say about Kholberg's theory of moral dev?
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-criticized Kholberg’s lack of diversity
-Assertions that females were penalized based on care for others orientation not supported by research -Both sexes use rights/justice and care for others orientation -Gender typing, which increases dramatically in adolescence, may increase emphasis on one or other in real world situations |
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What did Kreb's and Denton say about Kholberg's theory of moral dev?
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-Some argue everyday morality is more about achieving goals than justice
-Cooperation or respect for others is advantageous to self -Does altruism exist? -Morality is used to rationalize behavior after the fact |
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How does parenting effect moral dev?
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improved moral understanding associated with authoritative parenting practices, encouragement of prosocial behavior, promotion of moral discussions and higher-level reasoning
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How do peers effect moral dev?
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moral discussions amongst peers can be helpful in promoting increased moral understanding, but requires high level of involvement and repeated exposure; increased diversity of peer viewpoints
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How does education effect moral dev?
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increased schooling, exposure to social diversity, and perspective-taking associated with higher-level moral development
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How does cultural setting effect moral dev?
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Collectivistic versus individualistic differences; Kholberg’s stages seem to reflect latter and those in Western industrialized nations progress more quickly due to emphasis on societal responsibility for problem resolution
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How does religious participation effect moral dev?
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tends to decline in adolescence, but associated with a number of prosocial activities and improved empathy
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How does gender typing effect identity dev?
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-The process of socialization toward conformity with gender stereotypes and traditional gender identity continues and intensifies during adolescence
-Biological and cognitive changes due to puberty and growing sexual interest highlight differences in sexes -Social pressure comes from family, peers, social institutions -Those encouraged to explore non-traditional gender activities and question norming more likely develop androgynous gender identity (high on traditionally “masculine” and “feminine”) -Tend to be more confident, better liked, have stronger sense of personal identity, especially true for females |
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How do parent child relations change in adolescence?
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Parent-child relationship changes dramatically as adolescents seek greater autonomy
-Positive relationship best predictor of range of positive social, educational, and mental health outcomes -Most serious problematic relationships were so prior -Those with prior positive sibling relationships usually retain them in adolescence though devote less time |
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How do peer relations change in adolescence?
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Adolescents become more invested in friendships
-Value loyal, intimacy, and mutual understanding -Still seek out friendships with others like selves -Improved ability to negotiate conflict, less possessive -Cliques of five to seven most common, mixed-sex groups become more common -Males report more time spent engaging friends in activities, females report more self-disclosure and emotional support-seeking/providing -Growing trend to initiate and maintain friendships through social media and phone -Adolescents with more close friends online tend to have higher levels of increased social conflict and rejection, increased delinquency, depression -Romantic relationships online can pose greater risk for victimization |
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How do social relations change in adolescence?
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Sexual interest arises with puberty
Western adolescents start dating earlier -Short “relationships” in early adolescence followed by relationships on average that persist for 2 years around age 16 (Carver, Joyner, & Udry, 2003) Secure caregiver attachments predict relationship quality for adolescents with friends and partners LGBT adolescents often face rejection and harassment, difficulty finding partners Factors contributing to increased risk for dating violence: delinquency, substance use, uninvolved parenting, history of family or peer aggression Bidirectional aggression (opposite sex couples) most common, levels of aggression of one partner often affects that of the other -Female partners more likely to be injured, female aggression predicts 3 times more injury, more severe and frequent Most early romantic relationships do not extend past high school and many that do decline in satisfaction significantly |
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What are some facts about depression and suicide?
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Prevalence rate for adolescent depression episode similar to adult population 15-20%, rate about twice
as high for adolescent females High rate of heritability for risk of depression High rate of learned helplessness orientation Can be triggered by environmental factors: social, educational -Strong link between parental depression & adolescent depression Females may be at greater risk due to stereotyped coping mechanisms: passive, dependency on others, ruminative worry which are associated with higher rates of depression -Suicide more common for males, higher rates among Caucasians than Hispanic or Black American adolescents -Highest rate of adolescent suicide among American -Indian population: 2-6 times national average -LGBT teens attempt approximately 3 times more often |
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What are some facts about treatment of depression?
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Therapy generally efficacious
-Bernal & Sáez-Santiago (2005) report individual and group CBT and IPT adapted to be culturally sensitive were both effective for Puerto Rican adolescents with sustained change at follow-up Confidentiality considerations & increased risk of suicidal ideation with some anti-depressant medications (SSRIs) for teens Strong relationship between adolescent depression and family dysfunction (Martínez & Rosselló, 1995; Sáez & Rosselló, 1997, 2001) -Large number of these adolescents report major therapy issues related to family interaction/relational problems advocates use of family member involvement in therapy process -Brent et al. (1997) demonstrated family therapy as effective as CBT for depression though it may take a little longer for sx reduction Birmaher et al. (2000) found family discord to be strongest predictor of relapse of depressive sxs in adolescents |
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What is Brent's model for treating depression in adolescence?
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-Individual
-Weekly -12-16 sessions -4 boosters -Limited Parent Consultation -Treatment Manual, Therapist Training & Supervision |
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What are some statistics on the outcomes of treating depression in adolescence?
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-Full Remission = 60% CBT; 39% SBFT; 38% NST
-No differences between groups at 2 years though trends favored CBT -Patients and families more favorable towards CBT -CBT showed faster rates of improvement -CBT did better for those with suicidality -CBT produced more cognitive change -CBT = or better to SBFT in producing family change |
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What are some predictors of treating depression in adolescence?
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Poorer Responses = more severity, more sever cognitions, more hopelessness, older child, referred v volunteered, more parent-child conflict
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What is the focus on individual CBT?
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-Psychoeducation
-Behavioral Activation -Emotional Regulation via Relaxation & Positive -Distraction -Problem Solving Skill -Cognitive Restructuring (this is the core) |
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What is interpersonal therapy? (IPT)
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-Developed by Weissman, Klerman and Colleagues in 1984’s for adult depression
-Extended to Adolescents by Mufson and Weissman in 2004 -Based on research that interpersonal distress is associated with depression and improvement of -Interpersonal distress improves depression -Brief Treatment Model, manualized and active similar to CBT in style |
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What is the structure of IPT treatment for depression in adolescence?
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-Girls 12-18
-12-15 sessions -12 – 16 weeks -First 8 sessions weekly, then more flexible scheduling if needed -Can be individual or adapted for small groups |
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What are the phases of IPT?
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-Initial Phase 1-4 sessions: education, limited sick role to reduce demands and pressures, complete interpersonal inventory, identify problem area, establish therapeutic contract
-Middle Phase – 5-10: working on therapeutic contract -Termination Phase – 11-12: transition to everyday life without therapist support |
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What is the focus of IPT?
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-Interpersonal Assessment – using closeness circle
Targeted Interpersonal Problem -Grief -Role Transition -Role Dispute -Interpersonal Deficits |
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What are some techniques of IPT?
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-Affect Identification (affective awareness and coping)
-Communication Analysis (communication skills) -Decision Analysis (problem solving) -Skill Building (role playing, coaching) -Work at Home (specific assignments) |
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What does research argue about IPT?
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-Three studies report improvement
-All show positive results – better than wait lists, treatment as usual in community settings and equal to CBT |
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What are some facts about adolescent delinquency?
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A high percentage report some illegal conduct, usually minor offenses
-18% of reported violent crime 15 % of those arrested in US are adolescents, only 8% of population; 80% of these arrests are males Illegal activity among adolescents rises in early adolescence and peaks in middle adolescence before declining during late adolescence -Declines likely related to penalties or potential for, improved cognitive abilities (decision-making, moral development), and improved self-identity; late-onset type -Early-onset type: temperamental and cognitive deficits and poor parenting support predict social, academic, emotional maladjustment leading to social rejection, under-education, and unemployment and repeated offending |
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How does SES affect delinquency?
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SES and ethnicity related to arrests though there is little relation with self-reports of adolescent illegal activity
-White, Asian, and higher SES teens less likely to be arrested, charged, and punished for crime Delinquent youths are more likely to come from families with increased conflict, low interactional warmth, authoritarian/permissive parenting styles Teens more likely to commit crimes in impoverished neighborhoods with adult crime , inadequate economic and educational resources, and increased access to substance use and firearms |
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How do you prevent delinquency?
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-Improving social, economic, and educational resources is key, but this is very expensive
-Multisystemic therapy (MST; Henggeler et al., 1992, 1995) is a family therapy model developed for use with delinquent and conduct disordered adolescents that engages members of the immediate and extended family, schools, legal, health systems -Intensive, crisis-intervention approach with working relationships across networks -Improved outcomes in terms of recidivism and better family and peer relationships than treatment in community |
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What is the policy on disruptive students?
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-Many schools institute zero-tolerance policies that remove disruptive students to alternative schooling programs or from school altogether through suspension or expulsion
-Tend to be enforced inconsistently, punishing low SES and ethnic minority students more frequently and harshly -No evidence these are effective strategies for mitigating misconduct -Increases delinquency and dropout rates |
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What is Multisystemic Therapy for Antisocial Behavior - Henggeler Background?
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-30 years of systematic research
-Targeting high risk youth -Drawing upon a social-ecological or developmental psychopathology model – addressing multiple risk and protective factors in a unified and intense manner |
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What are some basic features of Multisystemic Therapy for Antisocial Behavior?
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-Home based or natural environment based services where child and family live
-Ecologically valid assessments of actual experiences/functioning in daily life settings (home, school, community, peers…) -Therapy services provided by natural agents (parents, teachers, other family, community leaders) -One therapist to every 4-6 cases/families -Typical treatment for 2-6 months with planed follow ups -Heavy use of therapist supervision and consultation -Therapists use empirically supported methods and principles but in an individually pragmatic manner |
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What are some of the principles of Multisystemic Therapy for Antisocial Behavior?
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-Ecologically Valid
-Intensive -Developmentally Appropriate -Present Focused -Action Oriented -Encouraging Ownership/Responsibility -Optimistic and Strength Focused |
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What are some methods of Multisystemic Therapy for Antisocial Behavior?
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-All stakeholders views are assessment and both problems and strengths identified
-Ecological case conceptualization developed -Strategies identified by the entire treatment team (therapist, family, stakeholders, supervisors etc…) to target the drivers of maladjustment per the case conceptualization -Various treatment methods implemented -Evidence based Biological Interventions may also be added Results are monitored and adjusted until there is appropriate success |
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What are some outcomes of Multisystemic Therapy for Antisocial Behavior?
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-At least 15 major published outcome studies
-Several major reviews and meta –analyses -Positive outcomes in reducing delinquency, re-offense, substance abuse, community and medical care costs and improving family functioning and mental health -Better treatment fidelity related to better outcomes |
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What is Parent Management Training Oregon Model (PMTO) – Patterson & Colleagues?
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-For Parents of socially disruptive kids and teens (ODD/CD)
-14 weekly sessions (individual 60 mins or group 90 mins) -Midweek phone calls |
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What are some ways that one can counter Coercive Patterns with Positive Parenting?
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-Skill Encouragement – positive reinforcement
-Limit Setting – using clarity, non-emotional -Monitoring -Problem Solving -Positive Involvement |
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What are some core features of Parent Management Training Oregon Model (PMTO)?
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-Parents are the therapists
-Therapists are more like coaches -Change is targeted towards daily life and happens in daily life not in therapy sessions -Strength Focused -Focus on teaching basic principles but adapting treatment to specific family needs -Psychoeducational, use of role playing |
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What are some outcomes of Parent Management Training Oregon Model (PMTO)?
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-Strong decades of research evidence for positive outcomes
-Mediators of treatment response – antisocial parents, lower SES, parental depression, therapist liking or therapeutic relationship, fidelity to the treatment principles -Varying models for pre-school children through middle adolescence |
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What is Problem Solving & Parent Management – Kazdin Background?
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-For kids ages 5 – 14 with socially disruptive behavior disorders (ODD/CD)
-Parents and Kids are both seen -Based on research showing coercive parenting and child social problem solving deficits are major risk factors for ODD/CD |
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What is Problem Solving & Parent Management – Kazdin Background?
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12 weekly sessions
Two therapists, with simultaneous sessions Individual Child sessions 30-50 mins Parent sessions 45-60 mins Parent – Child Collaboration in some sessions Principle based manuals available But treatments individualized as needed |
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What is the structure and approach of Problem Solving & Parent Management – Kazdin Background?
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-12 weekly sessions
-Two therapists, with simultaneous sessions -Individual Child sessions 30-50 mins -Parent sessions 45-60 mins -Parent – Child Collaboration in some sessions -Principle based manuals available -But treatments individualized as needed |
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What is Child Focused Problem Solving Skills Training in terms of problem solving and parent management?
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-What am I suppose to do? (what is my problem, what are my goals)
-What are my options? Come up with three potential pro-social alternatives to the use of coercive, violent, disobedient, disruptive behaviors -I need to make a choice? (pros/cons) -How did I do (evaluate, reward) -Taught via examples -Taught via role plays (with therapist, play acting) with easier or made up problems -Applied to real life problems and practiced with therapist -Applied to real life to try out and practice -Reinforcement, feedback, problem solving, more practice |
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What is parent management training?
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-Defining & observing behavior
-Positive reinforcement methods -Time Out and Response cost -Attending & Ignoring -Shaping -Negotiating and compromising |
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What is the age range for adults in early adulthood?
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People from 18 to 40
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How does physical development look in early adulthood?
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-Biological aging
-Changes at multiple levels -Behavior and environmental impacts influence effects of aging |
