Human Development Test 2 Set 1

Front 1

How do 20th century theorists describe adolescence?

Back 1

commonly described it as tumultuous, chaotic time

Front 2

Who is Margaret Mead (1928) and what did she do?

Back 2

-observed cultural variability
-Suggested environmental factors such as support of developing identity and change was central to quality of adolescent experience

Front 3

How does the rate of psychological issues change in adolescence?

Back 3

actually rises minimally from middle childhood

Front 4

What does puberty bring?

Back 4

-increased release of growth hormone and thyroxine, as well as sex hormones
-Both males and females release testosterone and estrogen

Front 5

Describe when puberty occurs and what happens?

Back 5

-Begins for females around age 10, males closer to 13
-Females usually taller and heavier until about 14, finish growing around 16, boys finish around 17 ½
-Can add nearly 12” in height and nearly 50% of adult body weight

Front 6

How do adolescents grow during puberty?

Back 6

-Reverse of infant growth pattern (in to out), adolescents see growth in limbs and appendages then torso
-Accelerated rate of fat accumulation for females, increased muscle mass for males

Front 7

What are some facts about adolescence and nutrition?

Back 7

-Adolescents need on average 2700 and 2200 calories for males and females, respectively
-Boys need more protein for muscle development
-Most likely to skip breakfast at this age
-More likely to eat fast food and are frequently targeted by advertisers as key demographics for foods high in fat and sugar
-Eating with family strongly associated with better nutritional habits

Front 8

What is Anorexia Nervosa?

Back 8

-An intense fear of weight gain, maintenance of significantly low body weight, lack of insight and distorted body image
-Restricting type: dieting, fasting, excessive exercise
-Binge-eating/purging type: purging through misuse of diuretics, laxatives, or enemas
-Mild > BMI 17; Moderate = BMI 16-16.99; Severe = BMI 15-15.99; Extreme < BMI 15

Front 9

What is Bulimia Nervosa?

Back 9

-A pattern of binge-eating, lack of sense of control, inappropriate compensatory behaviors (vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, enemas, fasting, excessive exercise)
-Self-evaluation unduly influenced by body shape or weight
-Severity based on number of compensatory behaviors weekly
-Mild: 1-3; moderate: 4-7; severe: 8-13; extreme: 14+

Front 10

How does Motor Development change in adolescence of males and females?

Back 10

-Females show consistent gross motor gains until around 14
-Males have dramatic increase in speed, strength, and endurance through teenage years

Front 11

How are athletics beneficial for adolescents?

Back 11

-Athletic participation and ability can become large factor of identity particularly for males
-Sports beneficial in providing cognitive and social developmental experiences
-By 15 less than 1/3 of American adolescents get 60 minutes of exercise daily and enrollment in physical education classes decline

Front 12

How does sexual maturity begin for girls?

Back 12

-Begins with secondary sexual characteristics development for girls: breast tissue growth, growth of pubic hair
-Followed by primary sexual characteristics development, notably menarche or first menstruation between ages 10 ½ to 15 ½ for girls
-Improved education overall has led to improved adjustment
-African Americans seem to prepare daughters more effectively

Front 13

How does sexual maturity begin for boys?

Back 13

-Begins with enlargement of testes and penis between ages 9 ½ to 14 ½ for boys (primary)
-Followed by secondary sexual characteristics development: pubic and facial hair
-Spermache or first ejaculation for boys around age 13
-Boys more likely to find out information on their own

Front 14

What are some facts about how recognizing pubertal changes, and what impacts timing?

Back 14

Little formal recognition of pubertal changes in Western cultures may lead to increased discomfort
-Bar and bat mitzvahs and quinceañeras being exceptions
-Hereditable patterns of development and diet influence sexual maturation
-Hypothesis that quality of home life impacts timing

Front 15

How does puberty affect brain development?

Back 15

-Synaptic pruning continues particularly in the frontal lobes
-Established, stimulated neural pathways reinforced
-Connections between regions of the brain increases for faster communication
-Greater sensitivity to neurotransmitters
-Produces stronger reactions to stress and pleasurable sensations

Front 16

How does puberty affect sleep patterns?

Back 16

Changes in sleep patterns
Insufficient sleep associated with poorer cognitive function, reduced academic achievement, increased likelihood of high-risk behaviors and depressive sxs

Front 17

How does puberty affect the emotional health of adolescence?

Back 17

-Increase in moodiness due to biological and psychological is not as large as commonly thought
-Research demonstrates:
-Emotional reactivity peaks in middle adolescence
-Less stable and more situationally influenced than childhood or late adolescence
-Associated with increases in negative life events, struggles for autonomy
-May result in increased conflict with family
-Evolutionary benefits: leaving to pursue mates becomes psychological distancing?
-Conflict between parents and daughters more intense likely due to increased restrictions placed on girls over boys

Front 18

How do early developing boys tend to be perceived?

Back 18

-Tend to be viewed more favorably by peers and adults
-More attractive, popular, confident, independent
-More leadership and athletic accomplishment
-They report more stress

Front 19

How do early developing girls tend to be perceived?

Back 19

-Tend to be viewed less favorably by peers
-Less confident, less popular, fewer leadership positions
-Poorer academic achievement, more high-risk behavior
-Long-term effects: more likely to report lower life satisfaction, poorer relationships into young adulthood

Front 20

How does attractiveness effect peer relationships?

Back 20

largely dependent on congruence with culturally defined images of attractiveness and how closely they resemble peers

Front 21

What are some facts about dev. of sexuality?

Back 21

-Sexual interest and drive increase with puberty and release of androgens
-Managing sex within romantic relationships is often of concern
-Strong stigma at all levels of society regarding LGBT results in shame, depression, lack of sufficient education, victimization
-Recent research from psychologist at Northwestern identifying genes that play a role in male sexual orientation; unknown mechanisms, but part of the overall picture including in vitro hormone exposure

Front 22

What are some facts about Washington state sex ed?

Back 22

-Schools shall adopt an AIDS prevention education program using model curriculum or district-designed curriculum approved for medical accuracy by the office on AIDS within the department of social and health services. The curriculum shall be updated as necessary to incorporate newly discovered medical facts.

Front 23

What are some facts about Oklahoma state sex ed?

Back 23

The State Department of Education shall develop curriculum and materials for AIDS prevention education in conjunction with the State Department of Health. A school district may also develop its own AIDS prevention education curriculum and materials. Any curriculum and materials developed for use in the public schools shall be approved for medical accuracy by the State Department of Health.
The State Department of Health and the State Department of Education shall update AIDS education curriculum material as newly discovered medical facts make it necessary.
-Requires all sex education curriculum provide age appropriate, medically accurate, factual information. Requires instruction materials be available for inspection by parents and guardians. Requires parents be notified of their obligation to notify the school in writing if they do not want their child to participate. Allows parents to opt out.

Front 24

What are some facts about sex ed?

Back 24

Without adequate formal education from schools or parents adolescents often turn to the Internet, friends, or rely on media representations
-Low use of contraception
-Lack of knowledge about resources

Adolescents in US are sexually active earlier, with more partners, more likely to become pregnant, and three times more likely to have STD than European or Canadian peers

Early activity associated with many factors related to low SES
-Highest rates sexual activity among African American teens

Recommendations for talking to adolescents about sex
-Foster open communication
-Use correct terminology
-Use active listening, encourage questions
-Demonstrate respect for different viewpoints
-Encourage continued discussion

Front 25

What are some facts about teen pregnancy?

Back 25

Intergenerational pattern associated with:
-Age of parental pregnancy, both sons and daughters
-Long-term poverty and unstable parental marital patterns
-Poorer education and cognitive deficits
-Paternal absence in the home, especially for daughters

Pregnancy in adolescence reduces educational attainment, likelihood of marriage, 35% become pregnant again within two years, financial strain
-All places increased stress on ability to parent effectively and increases risk of development issues for children

Front 26

What happens in Piaget’s formal operational stage?

Back 26

-11 years onward
-Development of capacity for abstract, systematic thinking strategies
-Language and symbolic representation becomes central for cognitive development at this stage according to Piaget

Front 27

Hypothetico-deductive reasoning?

Back 27

understand scientific reasoning concepts of hypothesis and can identify and test individual variables influencing outcomes

Front 28

Propositional thought?

Back 28

can evaluate statements (verbal or written) without utilizing in vivo experience or observations

Front 29

Neo-Piagetians identified two common distortions, what are they?

Back 29

-Imaginary audience: belief they are focus of most others’ attention
-Personal fable: inflated opinion of own importance

Front 30

Regarding cognitive distortions and decision making, people often do not use rational, systematic approach to decision-making and show deficits in what?

Back 30

-Identifying pros and cons
-Assessing likelihood of possible outcomes
-Evaluation of choice in terms of desired outcome
-Adapting strategies for future
-Struggle with integrating information and lack experience

Front 31

What happens in Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory?

Back 31

First to theory to define identity of self as key developmental stage
-Who am I? What do I believe? What is important to me?

Identity versus Role confusion
-Crisis of identity marked by distress according to Erikson

Front 32

What did Erikson suggest about social and emotional dev?

Back 32

-Erikson suggested those successfully navigating this “conflict” go on to become mature, directed young adults who continue to refine sense of self developed in adolescence
-Those who fail to do so are superficial, lack firm goals, and are ill-prepared for adulthood

-Current theorists propose period of questioning and uncertainty is part of normal development
-Marked by “exploration” and later “commitment” to identity that seems consistent with expanding sense of self

Front 33

What is Identity Diffusion?

Back 33

Lack of exploration or commitment

Front 34

What is Identity Moratorium?

Back 34

Extensive exploration without commitment

Front 35

What is Identity Foreclosure?

Back 35

Commitment to sense of self in absence of extensive exploration

Front 36

What is Identity Achievement?

Back 36

Stable identity following exploration and commitment to personally significant sense of selfhood

Front 37

Low exploration and low commitment leads to?

Back 37

Identity diffusion.

Front 38

Low exploration and high commitment leads to?

Back 38

Identity foreclosure.

Front 39

High exploration and low commitment leads to?

Back 39

Identity moratorium.

Front 40

High exploration and high commitment leads to?

Back 40

Identity achievement.

Front 41

What is another fact about Washington state sex ed?

Back 41

By September 1, 2008, every public school that offers sexual health education must assure that sexual health education is medically and scientifically accurate, age-appropriate, appropriate for students regardless of gender, race, disability status, or sexual orientation, and includes information about abstinence and other methods of preventing unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. All sexual health information, instruction, and materials must be medically and scientifically accurate. Abstinence may not be taught to the exclusion of other materials and instruction on contraceptives and disease prevention.

Front 42

How does identity dev look different across individuals?

Back 42

-The course of identity may look very different when comparing individuals and domains of identity
-Most move toward higher levels of commitment and exploration in late adolescence and early adulthood
-Though may be recursive and often dependent on life experiences

Front 43

What affects identity dev?

Back 43

Affected by relationship with family, peers, schools, societal norms
-Secure parental attachment, authoritative parenting tend to be in higher levels
-Foreclosed tend to be enmeshed with family; diffused lack support
-Exposure to greater diversity promotes exploration
-Exploration more likely with supportive friendships and teachers
-Lack of respect or inclusion likely to pose identity development challenges for minority groups

Front 44

When developing the self, what are some things that people struggle with?

Back 44

Develop an increasingly complex view of self
-May struggle in early adolescence with incongruence between behavior or expression of different traits across contexts
-Can be distressing or confusing, if viewed as inconsistent
e.g., outgoing and gregarious with friends during middle school, but shy and reserved during transition to high school or at home
-By age 15 or so, they generally identify self in terms of typical behavior for them and self-concept becomes more firmly established
-Personal beliefs and values become increasingly important, explore interaction between rights determined by individuals and communities

Front 45

What are some facts about the dev. of self esteem?

Back 45

-Self esteem generally tends to improve in adolescence as identity becomes more firmly established as they begin to assess selves as friend, romantic partner, and worker in addition to those roles of middle childhood
-Positive feedback and encouragement from parents and teachers is associated with higher self-esteem
-Most start to place increased emphasis on evaluation of self by peers; even more so when feedback from parents is negative and inconsistent

Front 46

How did Lawrence Kholberg affect moral dev. theory?

Back 46

-Expanded from Piaget’s theory of moral development: from rigid rule-based absolutism to relativistic, context specific sense of morality around age 10 or 11
-Asked kids between 10 and 16 about moral dilemmas

Front 47

In Kholberg's theory of moral dev. there are Three levels, two stages in each, what are they?

Back 47

-Preconventional:
Stages 1 & 2
-Conventional:
Stages 3 & 4
-Postconventional or Principled:
Stages 5 & 6

Front 48

What happen's in Kholberg's theory of moral dev, pre-conventional stage?

Back 48

-morality from without, behavior good or bad, adherence in self-interest

Front 49

What happen's in Kholberg's theory of moral dev, conventional stage?

Back 49

adherence for positive relationships and social order

Front 50

What happen's in Kholberg's theory of moral dev, Postconventional or Principled stage?

Back 50

greater focus on universal principles