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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Between what ages do friendships form, in which children converse, act out complementary roles, and learn that their own desires for companionship and toys are best met when they consider others' needs and interests?
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Ages 2-6
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Psychological conflict of the preschool years.
Young children have a new sense of puposefulness. They are eager to tackle new tasks, join in activities with peers, and discover what they can do with the help of adults. They also make strides in conscience development. |
Initiative vs guilt
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The negative outcome of early childhood is an overly strict conscience, or superego that causes children to feel too much of this.
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Guilt
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What is related to excessive threats, punishment, and criticism
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Guilt
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Emerging language skills enable children discuss inner mental states
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Self-understanding
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The set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that an individual believes defines who he or she is.
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Self-concept
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Based on observable characteristics such as appearance, behavior, and possessions. (I'm Tommy. I'm 4 yrs old).
Basic self emotions (I'm happy when I play with my friends.). And what age is this at? |
Self- concept.
3-5 |
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In means of self-concept, what helps define boundaries of self (MINE!)?
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Asserting rights to objects
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Another aspect of self-concept.
The judgements we make about our own worth and the feelings associated with those judgements. |
Self-esteem
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What are some factors that contribute to understanding emotion?
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Parents, peers, siblings, and play
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At what age do children judge causes of emotions,consequences of emotions, and behavioral signs contributing to emotions?
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Preschoolers ages 4-5
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At what age do children verbalize a variety of strategies for adjusting their emotional arousal to a more comfortable level?
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3-4
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A control that is defined as inhibiting impulses and shifting attention.
Important in emotional self-regulation |
Effortful control
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What affects the development of self-regulation? Children who experience negative emotion intensely.
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Temperament
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Feelings that involve injury to or enhancement of their sense of self.Children more often experience this
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Self conscious emotions
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Children depend on who's messages to know when to feel proud, ashamed, or guilty because they are still developing standards of excellence and conduct.
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Adult's
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What kind of emotions are these: shame, embarrassment, guilt, envy, pride?
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Self-conscious emotions
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What is feeling with another person and responding emotionally in a similar way?
Complex mix of cognition and emotion |
Empathy
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Empathy is an important motivator of this.
Actions that benefit another person without any excepted reward for the self |
Prosocial, or altruistic, behavior
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Feelings of concern or sorrow for another's plight.
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Sympathy
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Empathy does not lead to what?
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Sympathy
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What 2 factors play a role in whether empathy prompts sympathetic, prosocial behavior or self-focused personal distress?
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Temperament and parenting
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What are the 3 steps that social development follows?
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Nonsocial activity, parallel play, and social interaction
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1st step in social development. Unoccupied, onlooker behavior and solitary play.
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Nonsocial activity
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2nd step in social development.
Where a child plays near other children with similar materials but does not try to influence their behavior |
Parallel play
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One of 3rd step in social development.
Children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and comment on one another's behavior. |
Associative play
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One of 3rd step in social development.
A more advanced type of interaction. Children orient toward a common goal, such as acting out make believe theme |
Cooperative play
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In early childhood, who is considered "someone that like you", plays with you, shares toys?
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Friendships
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Do friendships change frequently?
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Yes
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What is the difference between friends and nonfriends?
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Friends are more reinforcing and emotionally expressive
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Provides social support and social maturity in early childhood predicts later achievement behaviors, are both pros of what?
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Friendships in early childhood.
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How do parents influence children's peer sociability?
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Directly and Indirectly
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Parents attempts to influence children's peer relations.
Guidance on how to act towards others |
Direct parental influence
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Parents attempts to influences their children through their child-rearing practices and play behaviors not directly aimed at promoting peer sociability and/or influence it.
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Indirect parental influence
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Secure attachment, emotionally expressive, sensitive communication, and parent-child play are all examples of what?
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Indirect parental influence
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How do children learn to behave morally according to social learning theorists?
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Modeling
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An alternative to harsh punishment. Involves removing children from the immediate setting until they are ready to act appropriately
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Time-out
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Alternative to harsh punishment. Taking away TV time.
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Withdrawl of privileges
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Alternative to harsh punishment. Building a mutually respectful bond with the child, letting the child know ahead of time how to act, and praising mature behavior
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Positive discipline
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Refers to any association of objects, activities, roles, or traits with one sex or the other in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes
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Gender stereotyping
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At what age do children not yet associate characteristics of males and females-activities, toys, occupations, hairstyles-do not determine a person's sex?
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Kindergarten
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What shows increase active play and aggression and suppresses caregiving in males and females?
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Androgens
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At what age does gender stereotyping begin?
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About 18 months
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Of the two sexes which is more gender-types?
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Boys
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More positive evaluations of members of one's own gender.
As boys and girls separate, this becomes another factor that sustains the separate social worlds of boys and girls. |
In group favoritism
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An image of oneself as relatively masculine or feminine in characteristics.
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Gender identity
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Scoring high on both masculine and feminine personality characteristics. Females more than males.
These individuals are more adaptable |
Androgyny
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A full understanding of the biologically based permanence of their gender, including the realization that sex remains the same even if clothing, hairstyle, and play activities change
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Gender constancy
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According to these theorists, behavior comes before self-perceptions. Behavior leads to gender identity
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Social learning theory
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According to these theorists, self-perceptions come before behavior.
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Cognitive development Theory
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An information processing approach to gender typing that combines social learning and cognitive development features. It explains how environmental pressures and children's cognitions work together to shape gender role development
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Gender schema theory
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Combinations of parenting behaviors that occur over a wide range of situations, creating an enduring child- rearing climate
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Child rearing styles
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The most successful approach in child rearing, involves high acceptance and involvement, adaptive control techniques, and appropriate autonomy granting.
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Authoritative child rearing
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Child rearing low in acceptance and involvement, high in coercive control and low in autonomy granting.
Parents are cold and rejecting |
Authoritarian child rearing
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Child rearing that is warm and accepting but uninvolved. Parents are either overindulging or inattentive and thus engage in little control. They allow children to make many of their own decisions at an age when they are not yet capable of doing so
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Permissive child rearing
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Child rearing that combines low acceptance and involvement with little control and general indifference to issues of autonomy.
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Uninvolved child rearing
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What percent of parents commit abuse?
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80%
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Mothers commit more of what kind of abuse and fathers what kind?
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Mothers=neglect and fathers= sexual abuse
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Infants and young preschoolers are at greater risk for which abuse and preschool-school age children which abuse?
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Infants=neglect school age- physical, emotional, and sexual
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