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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
When does body growth taper off?
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In early childhood
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On average how many inches in height are added and pounds of weight each year?
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2-3 inches and 5lbs
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Growth centers where cartilage hardens into bone
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epiphyses
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X rays of epiphyses enable doctors to estimate children's what?
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Skeletal age (progress towards physical maturity)
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Are girls or boys ahead in physical development? (losing teeth earlier)
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Girls
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How many new epiphyses are there between 2 and 6?
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45
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When do toddlers start to loose teeth?
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By the end of preschool years
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What happens when brain growth increases in children?
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Hemispheres begin to lateralize
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How much does the brain increase between the ages 2 and 6?
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70% of its adult weight to 90%
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What area of the brain is for planning/organization development?
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Frontal lobe
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Language skills that increase at an astonishing pace, are housed where?
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Left hemisphere
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Spatial skills, such as giving directions, drawing pictures, and reading maps, develop over childhood, are housed where?
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Right hemisphere
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What 2 areas of the brain develop most?
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Cerebellum and corpus callosum
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Reflects greater capactiy of one side of the brain to carry out skilled motor action
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Handedness
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The hemisphere of the cerebral cortex responsible for skilled motor action and other important abilities
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Dominant cerebral hemisphere
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90% of people in Western nations are right handed people, language and hand control are house where?
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Left hemisphere
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10% of people in Western nations are left handed, where is language housed?
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Both hemispheres. Left handers tend to be less strongly lateralized than right handers
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Handedness may be genetic bias, but mostly affected by what?
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Experience ( in womb, and/or practice with hands after born)
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Located at the rear and base of the brain.
A structure that aids in balance and control of body movement |
Cerebellum
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What do connections between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex support?
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Gains in motor coordination (hopscotch, throw a ball), and thinking
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An inner brain structure.
Plays a vital role in memory and in images of space that help us find our way. |
Hippocampus
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A large bundle of fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.
Supports smooth coordination of movements on both sides of the body and integration of many aspects of thinking |
Corpus callosum
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What influences growth by controlling the body's production of hormones?
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Genes
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Located at the base of the brain.
Plays a critical role by releasing two hormones that induce growth. |
Pituitary gland
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What are the two hormones released by the pituitary gland?
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Growth hormone and Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
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Hormone released by the pituitary gland.
Necessary for development of body tissues except the central nervous system and genitals |
Growth hormone
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Hormone released by pituitary gland.
Prompts the thyroid gland in the neck to release thyoxine(which is necessary for brain development and for GH to have its full impact on body size) |
Thyroid stimulating hormone
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Children with no or little (GH or TSH) when born will be mentally retarded, but children born with little/no (GH or TSH) can get treated and will be fine.
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TSH; GH
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Preschoolers require a higher-quality diet, including foods adults eat, but do they eat more or less?
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Less
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What interacts with poorly fed children's malnutritious diet. Happens in a vicious spiral, with potentially severe consequences
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Disease
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What does a poor diet do to a toddler?
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Suppresses the immune system, making children far more susceptible to disease.
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Sick children are given a solution of glucose, salt, and water that quickly replaces fluids the body loses from diarrhea.
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Oral Rehydration Therapy
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Some parents do not want to get their children vaccined because the media suggested there is a link between the measles- mumps- rubella- vaccine and a rise in the number of children with this disease.
Is it said to be true? |
Autism.
No |
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What is the leading cause of childhood mortality in industrialized nations?
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Unintentional injuries (auto and traffic accidents, drownings, and burns)
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How much more are boys to be injured than girls?
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1.5 times
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Why does appetite decrease in early childhood?
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Because of slower growth
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What type of treatments can help with diarrhea ?
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Zinc and Oral Rehydration Therapy
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Why do many American children lack a full set of vaccines?
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The costs, the parents' schedule's, and misconception of vaccines
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Births to teens not ready for parenthood, poverty, single parenthood, gender, and temperament are all factors that contribute to what?
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Childhood injuries
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As a result of their bodies becoming more streamlined and less top heavy, their center of gravity shifts downward and what greatly improves?
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Their balance
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At what age do children gain smooth and rhythmic motor skills?
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2
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At what age do upper and lower body skills combine into more refined actions (steering and pedaling a bike)?
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5
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Self help, such as dressing and eating, and drawing and painting are all examples of what?
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Fine motor skills
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What are the 3 sequences of the average drawing progression?
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Scribbles, first representational forms, and more realistic drawings
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A progression of drawing skills during the second year. Children's rather than the resulting scribbles contain the intended representation (makes crayon hop and says it's a rabbit)
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Scribbles
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A progression of drawing skills, where pictures represent recognizable objects at around age 3. They draw boundaries and people between 3 and 4 (the universal "tadpole")
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First representational forms
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Between ages 3 and 5, greater realism in drawings develops gradually, as perception, language, memory, and fine motor capacities improve
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More realistic drawings
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Between what ages do children realize that writing stands for language?
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4-6
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Preschoolers' first attempts to print include what?
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Their name, often only the first letter
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What are some differences in boys and girls at age 5?
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Boys have greater muscle mass, force, and power (jump higher, throw ball further).
Girls have better fine motor skills and gross motor skills (require combo of good balance and foot movement). Have better physical maturity |
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What should adults in young children's motor activities be focused on?
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Fun rather than perfecting the correct form
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Genetics (size and shape), gender, practice, and caregiver encouragement, are all examples of what?
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Individual differences in motor skills
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A stage in Piaget's theory, which spans the years 2 to 7. The most obvious change when children move to this stage is an extraordinary increase in representational(symbolic) activity.
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Preoperational stage
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What did Piaget find to be the most flexible means of mental representation?
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Language
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An example of the development of representation in early childhood.
Piaget believed that through pretending, children practice and strengthen newly acquired schemes |
Make believe play
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With age, what becomes more detached from real life conditions, less self-centered, and includes more complex combinations of schemes?
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Make believe play
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After what age do children pretend with less realistic toys (a block for a telephone)?
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2
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The make believe play with others that is under way around age 2 and increases rapidly during the next few years.
Children combine schemes there's of peers. Here children display awareness that make believe is a representational activity |
Sociodramatic play
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What are some benefits of make believe play?
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Children practice representational schemes, reflect on thinking, they control behavior, take another's perspective, gain in social,language, and literacy skills, improve attention, memory, and logical reasoning, and strengthen imagination and creativity.
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Viewing a symbolic object as both an object in its own right and a symbol.
Mastered around age 3. Adult teaching can help |
Dual representation
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Experiences with diverse symbols (photos, picture books, make believe, and maps) helps preschoolers appreciate what?
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That one object can stand for another
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What describes mental actions that obey logical rules
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Operations
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According to Piaget, young children are not capable of what? Rather, their thinking is rigid, limited to one aspect of a situation at a time, strongly influenced by the way things appear at the moment.
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Operations
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The most fundamental deficiency of preoperational thinking.
Failure to distinguish the symbolic viewpoints of others from one's own. Children's first mentally represent the world from their own viewpoint and assume others perceive, think, and feel the same way. |
Egocentrism
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The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, such as thoughts, wishes, feelings, and intentions.
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Animistic thinking
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Piaget argued that preschoolers' egocentric bias prevents them from what, or reflecting on and revising their faulty reasoning in response to their physical and social worlds.
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Accommodating
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Refers to the idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their are outward appearance changes
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Conservation
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What kind of children say the amount of water has changed when 2 glasses of water are the same, but one is dumped into a bowl?
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Preoperational children
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When children focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features.
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Centration
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The inability to conserve highlights several related aspects of preoperational children's thinking. There are 4, what are they?
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1. Their understanding if characterized by centration.
2. Children easily distracted by the perceptual appearance of objects. 3. Children treat initial and final states as unrelated objects, ignoring the dynamic transformation between them. 4. Irreversibility |
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An inability to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction, returning to the starting point.
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Irreversibility
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Preoperational children have difficulty with this.
The organization of objects into classes and subclasses on the basis of similarities and differences |
Hierarchical classification
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Describe Piaget's class inclusion problem
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Children are shown 16 flowers, 4 are blue and 12 are red. Asked "which are there more red flowers or flowers?" the preoperational child responds "More red flowers." failing to realize that both red and blue flowers are included in the category flowers.
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Where does animistic thinking come from?
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Incomplete knowledge, not a belief that inanimate objects are alive
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During second and third years, children global categories differentiate, they form what kind of categories?
Ones at an intermediate level of generality, like chairs, tables, and beds. |
Basic-level categories
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By third year, children move back and forth between basic level categories and what other type of categories? Such as furniture?
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General categories
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After switching back and forth from basic level categories to general categories, children break down basic level categories into what? Such as rocking chairs, desk chairs, bluebirds, and cardinals?
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Subcategories
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Can children solve appearance vs reality problems better visually or verbally?
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Verbally
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Piaget assumes abrupt change, how dodo most experts believe change is?
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Gradual
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When preschoolers play, that talk out loud to themselves, expressing their thoughts in whatever form they happen to occur, regardless of whether a listener can hear or understand.
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Piaget's egocentric speech
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The internal verbal dialogues we carry on while thinking and acting in everyday situations.Vygotsky viewed children's speech to themselves as self-guidance.
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Inner speech
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Children's self directed speech now called this instead of Piaget's egocentric speech.
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Private speech
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Where children's learning takes place.
A range of tasks too difficult for the child to do alone but possible with the help of adults and more skilled peers.' Accounts for learning across situations and cultures |
Zone of proximal development
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Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance.
Supports children's learning |
Scaffolding
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Adult cognitive support (teaching in small steps and offering strategies) predicts gains in what?
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Children's thinking
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Adult emotional support (offering encouragement and allowing the child to take over the task) predicts what?
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the child's effort
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Vygotsky saw this as the ideal social context for fostering cognitive development in early childhood.
He saw it as a unique, broadly influential zone of proximal development where children try out a wide variety of challenging activities and acquire new competencies |
Make believe play
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A broader concept than scaffolding.
Refers to shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants, without specifying the precise features of communication. Babara Rogoff suggested this to account for children's divers ways of learning through involvement with others. |
Guided participation
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This theory helps explain cultural diversity in cognition,emphasizes the importance of teaching, focuses on language deemphasizes observation, says little about biological contributions to cognition, and its vague in explanation of change. Who's theory?
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Vygotsky's Theory
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What does information processing focus on that children use to transform stimuli flowing into their mental system?
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Mental strategies
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During early childhood, children become better at this,
Thinking out of a sequence of acts ahead of time and allocating attention accordingly to reach a goal |
Planning
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Who helps children plan more effectively?
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Parents
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The ability to tell whether a stimulus is the same as or similar to one they have seen before
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Recognition memory
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When the child generates a mental image of the absent stimulus
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Recall
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At a young age, which is poorer (Recognition or recall)?
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Recall- at 2, they can recall no more than 1 or 2 items.
at 4, 3 or 4 items |
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Better recall in early development is strongly associated with what, which greatly enhances long lasting representations of past experiences
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Language development
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Deliberate mental activities that improve our chances of remembering
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Memory strategies
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Rehearse (repeat items over and over), Organizing (grouping items together that are alike), and elaboration are all examples of what that preschoolers' don't use?
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Memory strategies
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General descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation.
Preschoolers' do use this. |
Scripts
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These have a greater elaboration with age.
They help children organize and interpret everyday experiences. They can be used to predict what will happen in the future. |
Scripts
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Representations of personally meaningful, one time events.
Long lasting representations of one time events. Improves with cognitive, conversational skills |
Autobiographical memory
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Parents help develop 2 styles of children's autobiographical narratives. What are they?
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Elaborative and Repetitive
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A narrative style where the parent follows the child's lead, asks varied questions, adds info to the child's statements, and volunteers their own recollections and evaluations of events.
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Elaborative style
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A narrative style where the parent provides little info and keeps repeating the same question.
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Repetitive style
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What narrative style (elaborative or repetitive) show that preschoolers' who experience this style recall more info about past events, and they produce more organized and detailed personal stories when followed up 2 years later?
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Elaborative stle
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"Thinking about thought"
Awareness and understanding of various aspects of thought. Develops with Theory of mind |
Metacognition
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As 2 years old vocab expands, their first verbs include such words as what?
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Think, remember, and pretend
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When does awareness of mental life come into play?
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Infancy through age 3
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From age 4 and on, children understand that both _______ and ______ determine behavior.
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Beliefs and desires
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Beliefs that do not represent reality accurately
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False beliefs
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Mastery of false beliefs happens at what age? And what does it influence?
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4-6 and it influences cultural and social factors
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What all contributes to how children develop a theory of mind as such a young age?
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Language, cognitive abilities, make believe play, and social experiences
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How do children master false beliefs?
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With the ability to inhibit inappropriate responses, think flexibly, planning, and suppress an irrelevant response
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The tendency to assume that others share their own knowledge and beliefs
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Irrelevant response
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Findings suggest that preschoolers view the mind as what kind of container of info?
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Passive
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Children's active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences
(ex: children playing grocery and writing aple-banas 5 cents) |
Emergent literacy
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At what age do children think that a single letter stands for a whole word or that each letter in a name represents a separate name?
And at what age do children figure out that letters are parts of words and are linked to sounds in systemic ways? |
Young preschoolers, and between 5 and 7
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The ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language.
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Phonological awareness
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What promotes many aspects of language and literacy development? Where adults discuss storybook content with preschoolers
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Interactive reading
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A order relationship between quantities. Between 14 and 16 months.
(ex: 2 is bigger than 1, 3 is bigger than 2) |
Ordinality
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At what age have most children mastered the meaning of numbers up to ten, counting correctly, and grasping cardinality?
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Age 3.5-4
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When children count, the last number in a counting sequence indicates the quantity of items in a set
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Cardinality
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Stimulation with toys, games, and books for reading, physical organization,pride, affection, warmth, social modeling, variety, and no physical punishment are all examples of what?
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A high quality home environment
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What percent on young children are enrolled in preschool or child care?
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60%
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Program where teachers provide a variety of activities from which children select, and much learning takes place through play
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Chile-centered programs
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Program where teachers structure children's learning teaching letters, numbers, colors, shapes, and other academic skills through formal lessons, often using repetition and drill.
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Academic programs
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An extensive federal program that began in 1965, provides children with a year or two of preschool, along with nutritional and health services, Parent involvement is central to their philosophy
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Project Head Start
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In child care centers, teacher is responsible for how many children? In family child care?
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no more than 8-10; no more than 6
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What is the group size in child care centers and preschools?
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No more than 18-20 children with 2 teachers
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What percent of US children live in a home with one or more computers?
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85%
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What is the most widely viewed children's program in the world?
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Sesame Street
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What are dome dangers of educational media programs? Possible benefits?
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Dangers-aggression, ethnic/gender stereotypes,consumerism, time away from other activities
Benefits-learning/make believe play,educational shows, slow easy stories, and prosocial behavior |
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What are benefits of word processing? Games? and programming languages?
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support emergent literacy, practice basic skills, and problem solving, metacognition, and collaboration
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A process where children can connect new words with their underlying concepts after only a brief encounter
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Fast-mapping
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What do children do, as young as 3, to fill in for new words they have not yet learned, by using ones they already know (such as plant man for gardener)
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Coin new words
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Preschoolers also extend their language meanings through what (such as fire engine in my tummy for a stomachache)?
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Metaphors
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Children assume that words refer to entirely separate (nonoverlapping) categories
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Mutual exclusivity bias
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Between what ages do English speaking children apply the subject-verb- object structure broadly, to newly acquired verbs?
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3.5-4
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After children for three word sentences, they make small additions and changes to words that enable us to express meanings flexibly and efficiently. What are they?
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They use plural forms, propositions, form various tenses of the verb 'to be'
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An error where children overextend the rules to words that are exceptions.
Ex: my toy care breaked Between ages 2-3 |
Overregularization
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At what age do children master complex structure questions and passive form sentences?
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5
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Effective and appropriate communication.
Practical social side of language. |
Pragmatics
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At what age can children have effective conversations? (taking turns and responding appropriately)?
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2
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At what age do children adjust their speech to fit the age, sex, and social status of their listener?
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4
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When do young children's conversations appear less mature?
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When they cannot see their listener (telephone)
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Between what ages do both conversing and giving directions over the phone improve?
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4-8
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Restructuring inaccurate speech into correct form
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Recasts
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Elaborating on children's speech
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Expansions
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