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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some asynchronies in physical growth?
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Genitals, Brain and head, General growth curve, Lymph tissue
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Influences on physical growth and health:
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Heredity/hormones, Emotional , well-being, Sleep, Nutrition, Infectious Disease, Childhood injury
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Handedness
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+ Begins as early as 1 year and strengthens
+ 90% are right handed + Affected by experience - position in uterus - practice + Early damage to left hemisphere may cause shift in handedness - However, most left-handers have no developmental problems and more likely to excel in both verbal and math skills |
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What are some ways to help children sleep
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Establish a regular bedtime that is early enough for 10-11 hours of sleep, special pajamas, No TV or computer games before bed, establish a bed ritual, respond firmly but gently to bedtime resistance, no sleeping medication
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Reasons for not getting immunized
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Lack of health care and money for shots, misconceptions about vaccine safety
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What is the leading cause of childhood mortality in industrialized nations?
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Unintentional injuries
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Factors related to injuries
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- Individual differences
- Poverty, low parental education - More children in the home - Societal conditions |
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How to set up your room to reinforce play:
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- Begin with fixed space
- Consider the flow patterns of air and light, of people and supplies - Consider physical accommodations for any special needs |
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Benefits of make-believe play
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- Not only reflects but contributes to children's cognitive and social skills
- During social pretend, interactions last longer, show more involvement, and draw more children into the activity in a more cooperative manner - Children who spend more time in sociodramatic play are seen as more socially competent by their teachers - Many studies show that make-believe strengthens a variety of mental abilities, including sustained attention, logic, memory, reasoning, and creativity |
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Imaginary Companions
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+ 25%-45% create a special fantasized friend with humanlike qualities
+ Once viewed as a sign of maladjustment, but research challenges this assumption - Children display most complex and imaginative pretend play - More advanced in understanding others' viewpoints and emotions - More sociable with peers |
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What are children still having difficulty with?
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Conservation, Centration, Egocentrism, Irreversibilty, Concreteness, Faulty reasoning, Symbolic thought, Animistic thinking
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Conservation
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- Certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes
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Centration
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- Tendency to focus on one aspect of any situation while ignoring all other aspects
- Confuse some aspect of appearance with reality |
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Egocentrism
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- Interprets every event as it relates to them
- Causes conversations in which they leave out vital information but become impatient because you don't understand what they have in mind - Prevents them from accommodating |
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Irreversibilty
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- Inability to reverse their actions or thoughts that got them there in the first place
- Focus is on end and beginning. everything in the middle is forgotten. |
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Concreteness
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- Difficulty with abstract ideas, things beyond their personal knowledge, things they hear only described in words
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Faulty Reasoning
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- Assume cause and effect between events closely linked in time or make connections between things when there is none
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Symbolic Thought
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- Can count to 10, but may have a difficult time counting out 10 napkins if requested
- Usually can model what adult does, but really needs to experience through play in order to grasp symbolic thought |
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Animistic thinking
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- Belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities such as thoughts or wishes
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Scaffolding
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Adjusting the assistance offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance
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Factors contributing to individual differences in cognitive development
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- Home environment
- Quality of child care, preschool, or kindergarten - Television |
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3 types of preschool and kindergarten
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child-centered programs, academic programs, Montessori education
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Child-centered programs
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teachers provide activities from which the children select and most of the day is devoted to play
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Academic programs
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teachers structure children's learning through formal lessons, often using repetitive drills. this approach can undermine motivation and well-being, especially for children who are low-SES
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Montessori education
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child-centered approach with equal emphasis on academic and social development
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5 education television programs
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Sesame street, Dora the Explorer, Mickey Mouse Clubhouse, Blues Clues, Barney
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Ways that children figure out the meaning on words
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Syntactic bootstrapping, Social information, Coin in words, Fast mapping
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Syntactic bootstrapping
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discovering words by observing how they are used in the structure of a sentence
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Social information
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information provided by adults when introducing new words
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Coin in words
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words they already know (ex.gardener is the plant man)
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Fast mapping
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connecting a new word with an underlying concept after only a brief encounter
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Erikson's Theory
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Initiative vs. Guilt
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Initiative vs. Guilt
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Initiative
- Eagerness to try new tasks, join activities with peers - Play permits trying out new skills - Act out highly visible occupations Guilt - Overly strict superego, or conscience, causing too much guilt - Related to excessive threats, criticism, punishment from adults |
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I-self
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-Includes the realization that the self is separate from the surrounding world; remains the same person over time; has a private, inner life, and controls own thoughts and actions
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Me-self
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- Consists of all qualities that make the self unique, including physical characteristics, psychological characteristics. and social characteristics
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Types of peer sociability in play
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Nonsocial, Parallel, Social interaction
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What is Autism?
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- Very complex, often baffling neurodevelopmental disability
- First described by Kanner (1943) as early infantile autism - Considered to be an emotional disturbance for the next 30 years - Typically appears during the first 3 years of life - Most sever childhood neuropsychiatric condition - Triad of impairments: Socialization, Communication, Imagination |
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Prevalence of Autism
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2-6 cases per 1,000
Growing at a rate of 10-17% per year 1 in 152 school aged children Boy:Girl ratio 4:1 |
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Characteristics of Autism
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Persons with Autism may exhibit some of the following traits:
- Insistence on sameness; resistant to change - Difficulty in expressing needs; uses gestures or pointing instead of words - May not want to cuddle or be cuddled - No real fears of danger etc....... |
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Treatment of Autism
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Because there is no definitive cause of Autism, there is no definitive treatment for Autism
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What social/emotional issues are occurring during early childhood?
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Gender identity, Cultural/racial identity, Initiative, Friendship
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Gender identity
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the psychological sense of being male or female
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Sex
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biological distinction between females and males
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Gender
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refers to the meanings that are attached to those differences within a culture
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Stereotype
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a fixed, conventional idea about a group of people
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Gender roles
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Cultures broad expectations of men and women
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Theories of Gender Role Development
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Sociobiology, Social Learning, Identification, Cognitive-Developmental Theory
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Sociobiology (Biosocial)
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- Emphasizes that social behavior and gender roles have a biological basis in terms of being functional in human evolution
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Social Learning
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- Emphasizes the roles of reward and punishment in explaining how a child learns gender role behavior
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Identification
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- Children acquire the characteristics and behaviors of their same-sex parent through a process of identification
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Cognitive-Developmental
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- Reflects a blend of biological and social learning views
- The biological readiness, in terms of cognitive development, of the child influences how the child responds to gender cues in the environment |
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Different agents of socialization
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Family, Race/Ethnicity, Religion, Education, Economy, Mass media
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Child-Rearing Styles
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Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, Uninvloved
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Authoritative
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-The most successful
- Involves high acceptance and involvement, adaptive control techniques, and appropriate autonomy granting |
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Authoritarian
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- Low in acceptance and involvement
- Appear cold and rejecting, yell, command, and criticize |
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Permissive
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- Warm, accepting. but uninvolved
- Allow children to do things when they are not ready |
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Uninvolved
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- Detached, depressed, and sometimes neglect their children
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Sources of agression
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Individual differences, family, television
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Child Abuse
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- Around 1500 children a year are killed from abuse
- Complex problem that cannot be addressed by a single individual or agency - Requires a community response - As a helping professional, you have an important role in helping to address this problem. |
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Factors associated with child abuse
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Personal factors
- Mentally ill - Were probably abused themselves - Drug and substance abuse Social class - Poverty is the single best predictor of child abuse and neglect Race and Ethnicity - African Americans had the highest rates of abuse with 19.9 per 1,000 - Asian Americans had the lowest rate with 2.9 per 1,000. |
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Child Abuse: You role as a helping professional
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No matter what, you are required to report any form of child abuse, or suspicion of abuse!!!
- Identifying and reporting suspected abuse - Providing a safe haven for the child while in your care - Providing case managers with pertinent information about the child and what you know about the abuse - Continuing to lend support to child and family by giving feedback to case managers about the child's progress |
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Types of abuse
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Physical, Neglect, Sexual
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Signs of physical abuse
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-On the body: repeated visits to hospital, bruises, cuts, breaks, etc. (both new and old)
- Unexplained or vague injury: "fell down the stairs" - Covering up marks with clothes - Ignoring a problem that requires medical attention - Occurs after vacations or weekends - Child has a lot of absences from school |
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Signs of neglect
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- Aggressive or withdrawn
- Low self-esteem or poor social skills - Overly compliant: depressed or lethargic - Poor expressive language skills |
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Responding appropraitly to child abuse
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Responding with Child:
- Child needs to feel safe in your setting: provide a regular routine with few surprises - Help provide them with safe and dependable relationships with yourself and their peers - Act appropriately when child tells you (do not act shocked or disgusted) - Decrease blame - Cannot promise not to tell: be honest with child - Provide ways for child to express himself (i.e. activities about feelings, dramatic play, friendships) - Treat child with kindness, respect, and empathy - Show child that a person does not have to use violence to solve problems |
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Why do people not report child abuse?
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- Fear that child will be pulled out of the program
- Fear for personal safety - Fear of causing more trouble and stress - May worry about contradicting cultural norms - Not wanting to make waves or risk losing the enrollment - If got burned one time, more reluctant to report again - Frustrated at the system and lack of follow up |
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Myopia (nearsightedness)
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Inability to see distant objects clearly
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Causes of myopia
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Genetics
- Myopic parents - Occurs more frequently in Asian population Early biological trauma - Low birth weight; results from immaturity of visual structures, slower eye growth, and a greater incidence of eye disease Experience - "You'll ruin your eyes": Sitting too close to the TV - Reading & close work - Computer use |
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Malnutrition in Middle Childhood
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- The percentage of children who eat dinner with their families drops sharply between 9 & 14
- Little focus on eating (more on other activities) - Too few fruits and vegetables - Too many fried foods and soft drinks - Poverty and lack of nutritional food - Negative impact of malnutrition on learning and behavior is intensified as children encounter new academic and social challenges - Effects include slower physical growth, low IQ, poor motor coordination, and inattentiveness |
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Causes of childhood obesity
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- Overweight parents
- Early rapid growth or malnutrition - Low SES - Family eating habits - Response to food cues - Low physical activity - Television - Societal changes: Supersizing |
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Risks for obese children
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More likely to be overweight adults
Health risks - Blood pressure, cholesterol - Respiratory problems - Diabetes - Asthma - Liver, gall bladder - Cancer - Reaching puberty early Psychological risks - Feeling unattractive - Stereotyping and teasing - Depression - Problem behaviors - Early puberty and sexual problems |
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Most common types of accidents
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- Motor vehicle
- Bicycle - Pedestrian |
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Ways to prevent accidents
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- Teach safety
- Model safe behavior - Require helmets (85% reduction in risk of head injury, a leading cause of permanent physical disability and death) - Watch high-risk children more |
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What do children understand about their own health?
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- Health is seldom an important goal for children; they feel good most of the time and are more concerned about schoolwork, friends, and play
- Children do not yet have an adult-like time perspective that relates past, present, and future - Much health information given to children is contradicted by other sources, such as television advertising and the examples of adults and peers |
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Individual differences in motor skills
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According to body build
- Taller more muscular children excel at many motor tasks According to gender - Girls outperform boys in fine motor; while boys outperform girls in majority of gross motor skills |
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Who developed the Concrete Operation
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Piaget
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Concrete Operation Stage
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Thinking is more logical, flexible, and organized than it was during early childhood
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Conservation
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- Decentration: focusing on several aspects of a problem and relating them, rather than centering on just one
- Reversibility: think through a series of steps and mentally reverse direction to the starting point |
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Classification
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Categories and groups; sorting out specific types of collections
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Seriation
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Ability to order items along a quantitative dimension, such as length or weight
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Spatial Reasoning
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Directions; Maps
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How does attention change in Middle Childhood?
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During middle childhood, attention changes in the following ways: Selective, Adaptable, and Planful Attention
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Selective Attention
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When other stimuli are presented, child focuses on task at hand
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Adaptable Attention
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When something doesn't work, they alter their use of memory strategy and apply a new one
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Planful Attention
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Weighing alternatives; organizing task materials; remembering the steps of their plan so they can attend to each one in sequence
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What are the types of ADHD?
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1. ADHD, predominantly inattentive type
2. ADHD, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type 3. ADHD, combined type |
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DSM Criteria for Inattentiveness
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Must have 6 of these 9 criteria:
- Fails to give close attention to details - Difficulty sustaining attention - Does not seem to listen - Does not follow through on instructions - Difficulty organizing tasks or activities - Avoids tasks requiring sustained mental effort - Loses things necessary for tasks - Easily distracted - Forgetful in daily activities |
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DSM Criteria for Hyperactivity
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- Fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat
- Leaves seat in classroom inappropriately - Runs about or climbs excessively - Has difficulty playing quietly - Is "on the go" or "driven by a motor" - Talks excessively - Blurts out answers before questions are completed - Has difficulty awaiting turn - Interrupts or intrudes on others |
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Etiology of ADHD
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- Heredity
- Reduced electrical and blood flow activity to frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex (involved in attention, inhibition of behavior, and other aspects of motor control) - Several genes that affect neural communication have been implicated - Environmental factors: illegal drugs, alcohol, and tobacco - More likely to come from homes with unhappy marriages and high family stress |
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Treatment of ADHD
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- Medication
- Family Intervention - Combination of medication and behavioral modification and other types of therapy - Structuring child's environment, regulating negative emotion, etc. |
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Teacher's Role in Helping Children with ADHD
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- Shorter assignments
- Closer supervision - Clearer instructions - Help in getting started on assignments - Frequent communication with parents/doctors - Allow time for movement - Environment with fewer distractions during tests |
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What is theory of mind?
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Set of beliefs about mental activities
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Second-order beliefs
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forming beliefs about other people's beliefs
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Second-order False belief
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better able to point out why they think that other person's beliefs are wrong
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What do studies show about academic learning: Reading & Math
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Reading
- Whole language approach argues that reading should be taught in a way that parallels natural language learning - Phonics approach believes that children should first be coached on phonics which is the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds - Many studies show that the mixture of these two approaches is best for children Math - Drill: written notation systems and formal computational techniques - "Number sense" : children acquire basic math facts through a combination of frequent practice, reasoning about number concepts, and teaching that conveys effective strategies |
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IQ at 6...What happens?
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Around 6, IQ becomes more stable than it was at earlier ages
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Types of IQ tests
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Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV
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Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales
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- Assesses general knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, working memory, and basic information processing
- Verbal and nonverbal individual test |
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Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV
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- Measures verbal reasoning, perceptual (or visual-spatial) reasoning, working memory, and processing speed
- The most culturally fair intelligence test available |
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Explaining Differences in IQ
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Genetics
- Accounts for about half of differences Environment - SES - Culture; Cultural bias in test content |
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Gardner's Multiple Intelligence
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Linguistic: Sensitivity to sounds, rhythms, and meaning of words and language
Logico-mathematical: Sensitivity to logical or numerical patterns; logical reasoning Musical: Produce and appreciate pitch, rhythm, and expressiveness of music Spatial: Ability to perform transformations on accurate visual-spatial world representations Bodily-kinesthetic: Use body skillfully for expression Naturalist: Recognize and classify all varieties on animals, plants, etc Interpersonal: Detect and respond appropriately to moods, temperaments, motivations, and intentions of others Intrapersonal: Knowledge of one's own strength, weaknesses, desires, and intelligences |
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Gifted vs. Talented Children
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Gifted
- Exceptional intellectual strength - Usually measured by high IQ Talented - Outstanding performance in a specific field - Measured by divergent thinking and creativity |
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How to encourage giftedness
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Allow them to choose topics for extended projects
Let them take intellectual risks Reflect on ideas Have them interact with like-minded peers Sufficiently challenge them: 1. Provide enrichment in regular classrooms 2. Pull children out for special instruction 3. Advance brighter students to a higher grade |
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Erikson's Theory: Industry vs. Inferiority
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Industry
- Developing a sense of competence at useful skills - School provides many opportunities Inferiority - Pessimism and lack of confidence in own ability to do things well - Family environment, teachers, peers, can contribute to negative feelings |
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Influences on self-esteem
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- Media
- Culture/Gender - Child-Rearing practices - Messages from adults - Attributions |
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Differences between mastery-oriented and learned helplessness attributions
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Mastery-oriented
- Attribute success to ability - Incremental view of ability - Focus on learning goals Learned Helplessness - Attribute failure to ability - Fixed view of ability - Focus on performance goals |
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Types of moral development
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Moral and Social-Conventional Understanding
- Evaluate the positive and negative of good and bay lying Understanding Individual Rights - Convicted that certain choices are up to the individual (i.e. hair, friends, leisure, activities) Culture and Moral Understanding - Children everywhere seem to realize that higher principles, independent of rule and authority, must prevail when people's personal rights and welfare are at stake Understanding Diversity and Inequality - By early school years, children associate power and privilege with white people and inferior status with people of color. |
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Friendship in Middle Childhood
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- Contribute to the one-on-one friendships that contribute to the development of trust and personal qualities
- More selective in choosing friends - Based on acts of kindness, that each person can be counted on to support the other - Similar to themselves in age, sex, race, ethnicity, and SES - Friendships can last several years - Influence each other's behavior - Provides an important context in which children learn to tolerate criticism and resolve disputes - Relationships with aggressive children often magnify antisocial acts |
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Adoptive Children
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On average, adopted children are more likely to have problems than nonadopted children
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Single Parents
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While most children adjust normally, there are risk factors associated with children of single parents:
- Poorer academic achievement...especially in boys - More likely to have higher absentee rates - More likely to drop out - More likely to have lower earnings - More likely to marry early and have children early - More likely to divorce - More likely to commit delinquent acts |
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Same sex-parents
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- Challenge of being able to adopt children
- Custody of children following a non-successful heterosexual marriage or relationship - Many lose custody of child(ren) because of sexual orientation |
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Impact of divorce on children: Good divorce
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- Family remains a family
- Negative effects of children are minimized - Both ex-spouse integrate the divorce into their lives in a healthy way - Negotiate smoothly through the transition points |
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Factors that determine how children are affected by divorce
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- Age of child
- Gender of child - The size of the family - SES of family - Race/Ethnicity - Custody - Maternal Employment |
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Tasks that children make after divorce
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- Accept that parent's marriage is over
- Withdraw from parental conflict - Cope with loss - Acknowledge feelings of anger and self-blame - Accept that divorce is permanent - Maintain trust in other relationships (attachment) - Be able to have future intimate relationships with others |
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Sexual Abuse
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Defined as contact or interaction between a child & an adult where the child is being used in a sexual manner
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Sexual abuse: Perpetrator
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Typically, the perpetrator is know to the victim, Befriends child, then abuses, then bribes
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Treatment of survivors of sexual abuse
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- Psychotherapy in adulthood often becomes the first oppurtunity for survivors to confront leftover feelings of pain, anger, and misplaced guilt
- Group or individual therapy can help improve survivors' self-esteem and ability to develop intimate relationships |
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Signs of Sexual Abuse
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- Genital or rectal problems: bleeding, complaining that it hurts, bruises, etc
- Sleep problems: Bed wetting - Regression: baby talk - Precocious sexual knowledge: know more than they should - Sexualized behavior - Restlessness or withdrawal - Afraid of a particular person or gender - Reluctant to undress - Inadequate social relationships - Unusual absences from school - They may not tell you outright - Not not show any signs whatsoever |
