Human Development Ch. 7

Front 1

social smile

Back 1

A smile evoked by a human face, normally evident in infants about 6 weeks after birth.

Front 2

stranger wariness

Back 2

An infant's expression of concern-a quiet stare, clinging to a familiar person, or sadness-when a stranger appears.

Front 3

separation anxiety

Back 3

An infant's distress when a familiar caregiver leaves, most obvious between 9-14 months.

Front 4

self-awareness

Back 4

A person's realization that he or she is a distinct individual, whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people.

Front 5

trust vs mistrust

Back 5

Erikson's 1st psychosocial crisis. Infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs (for food, comfort, attention, and so on) are met.

Front 6

autonomy vs shame and doubt

Back 6

Erikson's 2nd crisis of psychosocial development. Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their own actions and bodies.

Front 7

social learning

Back 7

Learning that is accomplished by observing others.

Front 8

working model

Back 8

In cognitive theory, a set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences. For example, a person might assume that other people are trustworthy and be surprised by evidence that this working model of human behavior is erroneous.

Front 9

temperment

Back 9

Inborn differences between 1 person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation. Temperment is epigenetic, originating in genes but affected by child-rearing practices.

Front 10

Big Five

Back 10

the 5 basic clusters of personality traits that remain quite stable throughout life: openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Front 11

ethnotheory

Back 11

A theory that undierlies the values and practices of a culture but is not usually apparent to the people within the culture.

Front 12

proximal parenting

Back 12

Caregiving practices that involve being physically close to a baby, with frequent holding and touching.

Front 13

distal parenting

Back 13

Caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from a baby, providing toys, food, and face-to-face communication with minimal holding and touching.

Front 14

goodness of fit

Back 14

A similarity of temperament and values that produces a smooth interaction between an individual and his or her social context, including family, school, and community.

Front 15

synchrony

Back 15

A coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant.

Front 16

still-face technique

Back 16

An experiment practice in which an adult keeps his or her face umoving and expressionless in face-to-face interaction with an infant.

Front 17

attachment

Back 17

According to Ainsworth, "an affectional tie" that an infant forms with a caregiver-a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time.

Front 18

secure attachment

Back 18

A relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver.

Front 19

insecure-avoidant attachment

Back 19

A pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return.

Front 20

insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment

Back 20

A pattern of attachment in which anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when an infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion.

Front 21

disorganized attachment

Back 21

A type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return.

Front 22

Strange Situation

Back 22

A laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants' reactions to stress.

Front 23

social referencing

Back 23

Seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else's expressions and reactions. That other person becomes a social reference.

Front 24

family day care

Back 24

Child care that occurs in the home of someone to whom the child is not related and who usually cares for several children of various ages.

Front 25

center day care

Back 25

Child care that occurs in a place expecially designed for the purpose, where several paid adults care for many children. Usually the children are grouped by age, the day-care center is licensed, and providers are trained and certified in child development.