Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
G. Stanley Hall
|
Transition period between savage childhood and civilized adulthood
"Storm and stress" *Child to adolescent historical view Child study movement in America |
|
|
Anna Freud
|
Adolescents are egoistic regarding themselves as the center of the world and sole object of interest
Throw themselves into the community vs long for solitude Blind submission vs defiant rebellion Picture of opposites *historical adolescence view |
|
|
Albert Bandura
|
Social and observational learning-Bobo doll
Tumultuous adolescent= overstatement Not anxiety ridden Careful of self-fulfiling prophecy *historical adolescence view |
|
|
Piaget- adolescence & early adulthood
|
Cognitive development
Adolescence: formal operations (11-adult) formal operational thought Early Adult: teens and adults QUALITATIVELY the same, QUANTITATIVELY different |
|
|
Piaget: Adolescence
|
Cognitive development
Adolescence= formal operations Formal operational period (11-adult) Formal operational thought Results from brain maturation and environmental opportunities |
|
|
Erikson: adolescence, early adult, middle adult, late adult
|
Adolescence: Shame vs Guilt (cognitive)
PSYCHOSOCIAL: Adolescence: identity vs role confusion Early adult: intimacy vs isolation Middle adult: generatively vs stagnation Late adult: ego integrity vs dispair |
|
|
Erikson: Adolescence
|
Cognitive: shame vs guilt
-shame: i am a bad person/ashamed -guilt: i have done something wrong *most effective parenting: express disappointment, induce guilt *proactive communication of good behavior Psychosocial: identity vs role confusion Develop loyalty and friendship Whole identity > sum of childhood identifications |
|
|
Phillip Rusten
|
Study of giving tokens- keep or donate
=Child followed what teacher physically did *modeling moral behavior is an important part of instilling moral behavior *adolescence cognitive |
|
|
David Elkind
|
Adolescence= Egocentric Thought
1) imaginary audience: heightened self-conscious (look at me) 2) personal fable: belief of uniqueness and invulnerability, think you will live forever/nothing bad will happen |
|
|
James Marcia
|
Identity status and occupation
Move toward identity achievement pertaining to occupation in adolescence 1) foreclosure- premature selection of role based on others wishes 2) Identity diffusion- no interest in exploring 3) moratorium- active crisis, uncertainty, many options 4) identity achievement- commitment after active search *Adolescence psychosocial |
|
|
Piaget: Early Adult
|
Cognitive Development
Adolescents and Adults think QUALITATIVELY the same, but QUANTITATIVELY different Young adults are more QUANTITATIVELY advanced- know more (work specialty) |
|
|
William Perry
|
Reflective Thinking
Adolescent thought is POLAR: rights/wrong Reflective: relativistic thought emerges in early adulthood= aware of diverse opionions and multiple perspectives Brain development and rich environment support developing advanced thinking skills (thicker, denser cortical connections) Absolutist thinking of adolescence--> reflective thinking EARLY ADULT COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT |
|
|
Erikson: Early Adult
|
Intimacy vs Isolation
Falling in love, maintaining relationship Dont make deep commitments to others--> risk becoming overly self absorbed and isolated Balance: intimacy and commitment vs independence and freedom EARLY ADULT PSYCHOSOCIAL |
|
|
Sternberg
|
Love- Triangular Theory of Love
Intimacy Passion Commitment Degree of each 3 elements determines love pole feel EARLY ADULT PSYCHOSOCIAL |
|
|
John Gottman
|
Making Marriage Work- Bed and Breakfast
Observed people at bed and breakfast Learned what makes for a happy couple *Do something bad--> make up for it with 5 good things *Not a balance of good to bad actions EARLY ADULT PSYCHOSOCIAL |
|
|
John Horn & Ramen Patel
|
Crystallized intelligence
Fluid intelligence Cross Sectional Study: novel problems and tracked performance. -possible cohort--> younger=more educated -need longitudinal MIDDLE ADULT COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT |
|
|
Schaie's Seattle Longitudinal Study
|
Cross sequential
No uniform pattern of age related change, no decline in ability till 60 MIDDLE ADULT COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT |
|
|
Erikson: Middle Adult
|
Generativity vs Stagnation
Having and nurturing children Generativity: desire to leave legacy, left a contribution, virtue of care Stagnation: self absorbed, sense of having nothing for the next generation--> self indulgent/stagnant MIDDLE ADULT PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT |
|
|
Carl Jung
|
Normative Stage Models of Middle Adults
Healthy midlife includes individualization Emergence of true self through balance of whole personality Pay attention to the personality not yet achieved (work ethic vs nurturing) Reintegration of other aspects not shown before MIDDLE ADULT PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT |
|
|
Valland & Levinson
|
Men in Middle Age
Introspective tendency at midlife Restructuring of life toward maintaining relationships Longitudinal study of occupational roles: men drastically restructured their lives MIDDLE ADULT PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT |
|
|
Elliot Jaques
|
Coined term 'midlife crisis': adults realize own mortality and how much time they have left
Occurrence of midlife crisis= rare Egoresiliency--> adapt to stress, mastery and control MIDDLE ADULT PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT |
|
|
Jeanne Lousie Calment
|
Longest confirmed lifespan in history
122 years old |
|
|
Walter Breuning
|
World oldest living man
Eats 2 meals a day and exercises |
|
|
Erikson: Late Adult
|
Egointegrity vs Dispair
Looking back and reflecting on life -Sharing wisdom -"did I have a good life?" LATE ADULT PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT |
|
|
Hans Selye
|
Canadian Endocrinologist
Injections of various types cause symptoms Effects= NOXIOUS AGENTS--> stress *introduced the word "stress" Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome: model of stress 1. alarm 2. resistance 3. exhaustion STRESS |
|
|
Holmes & Rahe
|
Stressful Life Events Scale: live events include those that require change, adaptation, and transition
Positive or negative Development of life centers on normative transitions -adaptation to life's transitions= development STRESS |
|
|
Dan McGeehee
|
Teen Driving guest speaker
driving= leading cause of death 15-19 |
|
|
Early Adolescence
|
Teens become self conscious, intenseconformity to peers--> getting along and not being different
|
|
|
Middle Adolescence
|
New thinking skills
Formal operational skills Influential world expanded Self directed EX: AP courses |
|
|
Late Adolescence
|
Prep for adult roles
Crystallize locational aspirations Identify personal identity |
|
|
Adolescence: KEY ISSUES
|
Physical development: puberty
Cognitive development: formal operations Psychosocial development: identity |
|
|
Adrenarche
|
Hormonal changes in adrenal glands
Early change 7-8 years teen physical development |
|
|
Gonadarche
|
What people think puberty is
Follows adrenarche by 2 years, sexual maturation and development of reproductive maturity Ends with girls menstruation boys ejaculation |
|
|
Puberty
|
Period of rapid physiological maturation and hormonal changes
onset of secondary characteristics |
|
|
Secondary Sex Characteristics
|
Do not include reproductive organs
pubes, pit hair, acne, voice chance, 1st changes= breast/teste growth and pubes |
|
|
Growth Spurt
|
Girls: 9-14--> response to increased estrogen from adrenal gland
BoysL 10-16 |
|
|
Pruning
|
Unused synapses (gray matter) eliminated by brain to be more efficient
Influenced by interactions with the outside world |
|
|
Frontalization
|
Development in frontal lobe to be more efficient
decreased gray matter synapses eliminated increase myelination increase neural activity efficiency *physical change supports cognitive development |
|
|
Brain Changes
|
Parietal love: sensory info and spatial relationships. decreased gray matter
Occipital lobe: processing visual info. increase gray matter into 20s Temporal Lobe: memory info and visual/auditory processing. max gray at 16-17 yrs Corpus Callosum: connects two hemispheres. increases in size |
|
|
Formal Operational Thought
|
Piaget- adolescent cognitive development
Abstract thinking, hypothetical deductive reasoning |
|
|
Information Processing Theory
|
Structural and functional change in cognition
-Structural: increase working memory capacity and knowledge stored in LTM (declarative, procedural, conceptual) Know more--> store more -Functional: increase processing speed, executive function skills Selective attention, sitting still, management of memory ADOLESCENT COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT |
|
|
Adolescence Language
|
80,000 words
Logical relation terms: however, otherwise, therefore irony puns--> abstract thinking Social perspective taling |
|
|
Identity Confusion
|
failure to integrate roles or selves
inability to decide on alternative (unstructured setting)--> role diffusion -depression/delinquency -permissive parents= no support Erikson psychosocial identity vs role confusion |
|
|
Psychoanalytic Theory
|
Rapid physiological changes (hormones/physical) produces a new body (physical body)
Take physiological and psychological changes to make a new whole person--> occupation and educational decisions ADOLESCENCE PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT |
|
|
Emerging Adulthood
|
Big transition 18-25 years old
Early Adulthood |
|
|
Infertility
|
Inability to conceive after 12 months of trying
~7% of couples Male: produce too few sperm, blocked ejaculatory ducts Female: failure to produce ova, low quality ova, disease of uterine lining *blocked fallopian tubes= most common |
|
|
Reflective Thinking
|
Relativistic thought emerges in early adulthood
Aware of diverse opinions and multiple perspectives Absolutist thinking of adolescence--> reflective thinking William Perry EARLY ADULT COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT |
|
|
Board of Regents
|
Governor resides over, makes tuition decisions
Sally Masons boss |
|
|
President
|
Sally Mason
|
|
|
Provost
|
Chief academic officer
makes 10 yr decisions |
|
|
Assistant vs Associate Professor
|
Assistant: New prof in first 6 years
Associate: 1 yr with 6 years to be recognized for research |
|
|
Identity Development
|
Stage 1: embedded in family but increased self directness
Stage 2: connected to family, develop intimate partners and involvement at work Stage 3: connected to family, independence through commitment to career, partner, and possible children EARLY ADULT PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT |
|
|
Recentering
|
Shift to adult identity
primary task of emerging adult 1. power 2. responsibility 3. decision making- from family to independent adult EARLY ADULT PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT |
|
|
Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love
|
Intimacy: emotional element involving self disclosure- sharing of thoughts and feelings
-connection, warmth, trust Passion: sex component- motivational element based on sexual desire Commitment: cognitive element- decision to love and stay with a person Degree of each 3 elements determines love pole feel EARLY ADULT PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT |
|
|
Cohabitation
|
Living together in sexual relationship but not married
Greater divorce Not associated with happy endings EARLY ADULT PSYCHOSOCIAL |
|
|
Early Adult Psychosocial Adjustment
|
Confident vs Anxious
mother in parenting transition |
|
|
Stages of Birth
|
1. Baby honeymoon- in hospital, accomplishment
2. Postnatal: "baby boot camp"- return home and begin adapting -baby wakes up all night *physiology of breast feeding prevents getting pregnant 3. final adjustment: predictable schedule, resume life EARLY ADULT PSYCHOSOCIAL |
|
|
Middle Adulthood
|
Primarily emotional change
Driving peaks social construct: 40-65 yrs old, no specific biological/social event State of mind |
|
|
Presbyopia
|
Farsightedness causing vision problems seeing near
Loss of focusing ability Loss of lens elasticity |
|
|
Myopia
|
Nearsightedness, distant objects blurry
Need more light |
|
|
Presbycusis
|
Gradual hearing loss
Speeds up in 50s loss of sensitivity to hight pitch 2x faster in men |
|
|
Menopause
|
Permanently stop having period for 1 year; stop ovulating and menstruating
~52 yrs old Most: greater independence and personal growth Cross sectional study: Japanese/asian: no symptoms Blacks: positive feelings; more symptoms |
|
|
Perimenopause
|
3-5 yr slowing process
Estrogen and ova production declines |
|
|
Osteoporosis
|
Bones become brittle due to calcium depletion
Estrogen levels drop Loss of calcium Decreased height and hunch back -less likely in black women |
|
|
Erectile Dysfunction
|
Inability to achieve/maintain erection to satisfy sexual activity
22% dont get adequate erection after 40 23% of middle adults have sex 2-3x per week |
|
|
Middle Adult Health Problems
|
Arthritis: most frequent disorder
Hypertension: high BP- 2nd leading disorder Heart disease: leading cause of death 45-65 yrs old Diabetes: doubled since 1990 *Overall decline in energy levels 1/8 US women get breast cancer Low SES= increased health problems |
|
|
Crystallized Intelligence
|
Individuals accumulated information and verbal skills
John Horn, Ramen Patel Ability to use information acquired over a lifetime MIDDLE ADULT COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT |
|
|
Fluid Intelligence
|
Ability to solve novel problems
decreases in middle age requires little previous knowledge John Horn & Ramen Petal MIDDLE ADULT COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT |
|
|
Expertise
|
Mature adults show increasing competence solving problems in their field
|
|
|
Encapsulation
|
Information processing becomes dedicated to specific knowledge
Older nurse has seen it and knows what to do |
|
|
Phased Retirement
|
Reducing work hours or days and phasing out retirement over a number of years
|
|
|
Bridge Employment
|
Retirement by switching to another company or life of work
|
|
|
Generativity
|
Adults desire to leave a legacy, feel like life has been important, made a contribution
Virtue of 'care' ERIKSON PSYCHOSOCIAL MIDDLE ADULT |
|
|
Stagnation
|
Self absorbed, sense they have done nothing for the next generation
Become self indulgent or stagnant ERIKSON PSYCHOSOCIAL MIDDLE ADULT |
|
|
Midlife Crisis
|
Stressful crisis of identity--> second adolescence
Triggered by reviewing life and awareness of mortality Term coined by Elliot Jaques Occurrence= rare Egovesilincy: adapt to stress, mastery and control MIDDLE ADULT PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT |
|
|
Empty Nest
|
Young child leaves home= transition
most difficult in women heavily invested in mothering Can be liberating- relief from emergency MIDDLE ADULT PSYCHOSOCIAL |
|
|
Intergenerational Family Types
|
Tight knit: emotionally and geographically close
Sociable: contact with less emotional commitment Obligatory: much interaction, little emotional attachment Detached: emotionally and geographically distant Intimate, But Distant: physically distant but emotionally attached * look at this when choosing a life partner MIDDLE ADULT PSYCHOSOCIAL |
|
|
Filial Maturity
|
Middle aged children accepting and meeting their parents dependency needs
Role reversal- start taking care of your parents Filial crisis--> filial maturity MIDDLE ADULT PSYCHOSOCIAL |
|
|
Filial Crisis
|
Learn to balance love and duty for parents with autonomy with in a two way relationship
leads to filial maturity MIDDLE ADULT PSYCHOSOCIAL |
|
|
Grandparenting
|
Begins before end of active parenting
1. Formal style: interest in grandchildren without giving advice 2. Fun seeking: informal and playful, leisure activity 3. Distant: benevolent and kind but distant MIDDLE ADULT PSYCHOSOCIAL |
|
|
Ageism
|
Prejudice or discrimination based on age
|
|
|
Primary Aging
|
Gradual inevitable process of aging
Occurs throughout years, despite efforts to slow it Just happens |
|
|
Secondary Aging
|
Disease, abuse, and disuse
Factors with in a person's control Ex: lack of exercise |
|
|
Functional Age
|
Describes how old a person is in terms of how well they function physically and socially
Young old: old age, young function |
|
|
Gerontology/Geriatrics
|
Study of health and well being of adults
Scientific study of old age, the process of aging, and the particular problems of old people Branch of healthcare dealing with the healthcare of old people |
|
|
Life Expectancy
|
Statistical likelihood of length of life, based on age and health status
Average period a person is expected to live *Women live longer than men |
|
|
Longevity
|
Actual length of life
Length or duration of life |
|
|
Lifespan
|
Longest period that members of a species can live
6/10 live to be 70 in developed countries 3/10 live to 70 in undeveloped/developING countries Whites live 5 years longer than blacks |
|
|
Centenarians
|
Live to be 100 years old
Fastest growing portion of the population -Escapers: disease free -Survivors: survive age illness diagnosed before 80 -Delayers: (largest group): age illness after 80 not obese, manage stress well |
|
|
Hayflick Limit
|
Genetically controlled on the number of times cells can divide in members of a species
Estimated biological limit of humans at 110 years old Limit of human cell division in subcultures Divide 50x then die |
|
|
Survival Curves
|
Curves, plotted on a graph, showing percentages of a population that survive at each age level
Normally supported limited life span |
|
|
Metabolism
|
Conversion of food and oxygen into energy
Limited calorie intake expands life span Taking only necessary nutrients in is key to long life |
|
|
Genetic Programming Theory of Age
|
Age based on timeline in genes
Pattern of age predetermined and inborn Biological aging as a result of genetically determined developmental table LATE ADULT PHYSICAL |
|
|
Variable Rate Theory of Age
|
Result of processes that vary from person to person
Influenced by internal and external environment -wear and tear theory |
|
|
Wear and Tear Theory of Age
|
Cells and tissues have vital parts that wear out
Body wears out as result of accumulated damage Variable Rate Theory |
|
|
late Adult Brain
|
Lose 10% of weight by 90
Shrinking neuron size in cerebral cortex loss of axons, dendrites and synapses NOT a reduction in the number of neurons |
|
|
Cataracts
|
Cloudy or opaque area of the eye
Blurred vision |
|
|
Age Related Macular Degeneration
|
Retina loses ability to distinguish details
leading cause of irreversible visual impairment in older adults |
|
|
Glaucoma
|
Irreversible damage to optic nerve caused by increased pressure
|
|
|
Wechster Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
|
Intelligence test for adults that yields verbal and performance scores as well as a combined score
Overall scores drop especially nonverbal performance measures LATE ADULT COGNITIVE |
|
|
Classic Aging Pattern
|
Measure of adult intelligence
Difference in performance measures increase age= decrease performance -WAIS-in nonverbal performance older adults did not perform as well as younger -Seattle-older adults lose perceptual speed 1st LATE ADULT COGNITIVE |
|
|
Seattle Longitudinal Study
|
Tremendous variation
cognitive deterioration = disuse cognitive performance can be increased older adults lose perceptual speed 1st Highly variable, few people decline in all or most areas, many people improve in some areas |
|
|
Dementia
|
Physiologically declined cognitive and behavioral function
Interferes wit daily activity |
|
|
Alzheimers
|
Plaque and tangle proteins accumulate in the brain and kill brain cells
Loss of control of body functions leading to death Begins in hippocampus Slow and steady progression--> death -Neurofibrillary tangles -Amyloid plaques |
|
|
Neurofibrillary Tangles
|
Twisted mass of dead protein neuron fibers
|
|
|
Amyloid Plaque
|
build up of nonfunctioning insoluble waxy tissue chunks
|
|
|
Time Use Patterns of Retirees
|
1) Family Focused Life Style: people have low cost accessible activities involving family home and near by companions
ex: going to IHOP with the group 2) Balanced Investment: High educational levels allocate time equally between family, work, and leisure ex: go on vacation frequently 3) Serious Leisure: had a hobby that becomes their serious passion ex: musician joins senior orchestra |
|
|
Aging in Place
|
The ability to live in one's own home and community safely, independently, and comfortably, regardless of age, income, or ability level
Remaining in one's own home, with or without assistance, in later life. Village like entity where living on own but pay a fee to buy into cooperative for support and resources |
|
|
Thanantology
|
Study of Death
Dying is a developmental experience, our last transition |
|
|
Death
|
Failure of medical treatment rather than natural end
Avoidance |
|
|
Good Death
|
1) Symptom Management: freedom from pain, shortness of breath; being touched and being clean
2) Practical Details: financial affairs in order, knowing what to expect about ones condition *3) Patient- Professional Relationship Quality: having caring, trustworthy providers who listen 4) Psychological Attributes: Having the opportunity to say goodbye and not dying alone |
|
|
Hospice
|
Warm, personal, patient and family centered care for a person with a terminal illness
Founded by nurses -Personal: patient and family centered -Compassionate -Focus on palliative care or comfort Advanced directness: understanding patients needs and communicating them to the health care team *Quality rather than Quantity of life* |
|
|
Stress
|
Physical, emotional, positive, or negative
Stressor: change and frustration Stress--> accident |
|
|
Distress vs Eustress
|
Distress: negative stress
Eustress: positive stress |
|
|
Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome
|
Model of stress, 3 way stage of responding to stress
1) Alarm: immediate reaction to stressor fight or flight prepares body for physical activity 2) Resistance: adaptation, adapting to stressor stress continues--> body adapts changes at many levels to reduce effects of stressor 3) exhaustion: body is depleted, cannot keep up with stress real disease: heart attack, weakened immunity ex: get sick after finals |
|
|
Holmes and Rahe's Stressful Life Events Scale
|
Life events include those that require change, adaptation, and transition
positive or negative Medical records as a way to determine if stressful events can cause illness Correlation between life events and stress/illness *Development of life centers on normative transitions --> adaptation to life transitions=development |
|
|
Early Adult: KEY TRANSITIONS
|
Going to college
Getting a job Intimate Relationships |
|
|
Middle Adult: KEY TRANSITIONS
|
Menopause
Empty nest Parenting grown children Grandparenting |
|
|
Late Adult: KEY TRANSITIONS
|
Retirement
Moving to assisted living |
