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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Margaret Oats
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Investigation on cause of maternal deaths in UK
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Andrea Gates
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Falsely diagnosed as depressed
Actually psychotic Drowned children --> post partum psychosis is hard to detect |
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John Cox, Jenifer Holden, Ruth Sagovsky
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Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)
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Tiffany Field
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Proved infants need stimulation
Massage therapist showed calming effects |
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William (Bill) Greenough
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Looked at brains of rats
Stimulating environment increased number of synapses to increase brains ability or good cognitive functioning |
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Ellenor Gibson
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Animals perceive depth
Visual cliff experiment |
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Broffenbrenner
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Environment matters for motor development
cross cultural studies Cultural context influences by opportunity to develop skills |
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Jean Piaget
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Cognitive development
Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operational Formal operational Schemes |
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Nancy Bayley
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Bayley scales of infant and toddler development
Mental, Motor, Infant behavior profile |
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Renee Baillergeon
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Object permanence demonstration
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Vygotsky
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Social Contextual Approach
Social interactions influence cognitive competence |
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Ramey
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Abecedarian Intervention Program- randomly select to give full time care others only medically
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Genie
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Locked in Attic
missed critical period for language development |
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BF Skinner
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Responses acquired through reinforcement
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Noam Chomsky
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Biologically predisposed to learn language
Language Acquisition Devise |
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Arnold Gesell
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Height and weight for temperament
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Alexander Thomas, Stella Chess
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New York Longitudinal Study of temperament
Interviews with mothers and rating on 9 dimensions for 4 types of babies |
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Jerome Kagan
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Shyness, inhabition to unfamiliar
Extraversion and intraversion |
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Arnsworth
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Strange situation- assessment of attachment
Secure and insecure attachment |
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Erik Erikson
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Trust and Mistrust for attachment
Conclude and on basis of interactions with caregivers if they can trust environment or need to take care of themselves Initiative vs guild autonomy vs shame and doubt |
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Kochanska
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Conscience and parenting styles
Compliance and cooperation General guidance not negative control Room with toys and cant play with them |
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Suziki
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Suziki Method- development of musical ability for language development
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Freud
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See pattern of behavior
Primary attachment changes with age |
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Kohlberg Cognitive Development Theory
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Gender typing follows gender identity
Know you are a boy before you can act like a boy |
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Bem's Gender Schema Theory
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Gender typing occurs when children are cognitively able to encode information about gender roles
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Bandura
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Social learning approach
Bobo doll |
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Parten's Classic Study of Play
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Social dimensions
Unoccupied Solitary Onlooker Parallel Associative Cooperative |
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Smilarisky
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Cognitive levels of play
Function al, constructive, pretend, games with rules |
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Tiger Mother
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Structured vs unstructured play
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Baumrind, Macccoby, and Martin
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Parenting styles
authoritarian, authoritative, uninvolved, permissive |
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Wansink B and Wansink C
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Study of 52 paintings of last supper
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Goddard
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80% of immigrants feeble minded because didnt know english
IQ |
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Pearson
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Correlation coefficient
Native british and jews--> inferior physically and mentally IQ |
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Terman
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Brought over IQ test
Mexican and native americans "no rational support" for racist |
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Jensen
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Harvard Educational Review
Boost IQ and scholastic achievement AA score lower on avg than whites due to genetic differences Overlap of frequency distributions contradicts raist philosophy |
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Hemstein and Murray
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Under the Bell Curve
Ethnic group differences in intelligence traced to genetics IQ |
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Shockley
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Racist
Nobel prize winner "color coded" IQ |
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Lawrence Kolber
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Moral Development
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Gottman, Gonso, and Rasmussen
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Psychosocial development in popularity
asked popular children and unpopular in role of play friendship making process pretending experimenter was child |
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Selman
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Stages of friendship
stages 0-4 |
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Major Depression
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Depressed mood, decreased / increased appetite, insomnia, low energy, loss of interest/pleasure
5 or more syptoms must be present for at least 2 weeks must include depressed mood or loss of interest |
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Gateway symptoms
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Depressed mood/ loss of interest
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Inventory to Diagnose Depression (IDD)
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Developed at Iowa- self report measure
Measures clinically significant symptoms and assesses for MDD diagnosis Income matters |
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Postpartum Blues
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Bee Sting
most common perinatal mood disorder- 50-80% of new mothers brief, onset in first week, can lead to depression |
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Postpartum Psychosis
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Lion
Rare 1/1000 Hallucinations/delusions agressive intervention necessary different than postpartum depression Ex: andrea gates |
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Postpartum Depression
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Snake
mild to severe often under detected |
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Sensitive Mothering
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Aware of infants signals
infant cant speak but can still communicate game with baby and highchair to test communication |
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US Preventative Service Task Force
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Screen for depression in clinical practices with accurate diagnosis, treatment, and follow up
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Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)
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John cox, jenifer holden, Ruth Sagovsky
10 item depression screening tool |
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Neonatal period
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first 4 weeks
Large head, receeding chin, misshaped head, fosfonel, ianugo, vernix caseosa |
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Fasfonel
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Soft spot on head where bones havent fused
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Ianugo
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Hairy infant
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Vernix Caseosa
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Cheesy cloth, protects against infection of infant
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Apgar Scale
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Asses newborns 1 and 5 min after birth
Evaluates heart rate, respiratory rate, muscle tone and activity, body color, reflex irritability 2 points for each total of 10 <7--> NICU usually 8 or 9 because of hands and feet being blue |
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Brazelton Neonaal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
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High risk situations--> not routine
24-36 hours after birth evaluates neurological development, reflexes and reactions to people |
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Small for Gestational Age
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Correct birth date but very small
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Kangaroo Care
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Skin to skin
counteract isolation with massage |
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Cephalocaudal Growth
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Head downward
Pattern of motor development is from top down lift head then shoulders then down |
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Proximodistal Growth
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Torso out
Growth/control physical motor is inside out |
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Dendrites
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Receive info and fire impulses down axon to synaptic
all or nothing |
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Soma
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Fire action potential across axon
Na out of cell |
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Myelination
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Speeds up transmission
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Pruning
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Reduce neurons and synapses
More efficient synaptic configurations |
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Sucking Test
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Dr suess in utero
suck pacifier to hear tape of mothers voice reading the same book as in utero sucked more to in utero book--> recognize mothers voice |
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Denver Developmental Screening Test
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1 month- 6 years
Assess gross fine motor skills, language, and social development |
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Cognitive
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thinking or range of mental ability, problem solving, categorization, reasoning, language development
Ability to think and understand Jean Piaget |
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Behaviorist Approach to Cognitive development
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How does behavior change as a result of experience
Classical conditioning- associations Operant conditioning- reinforcement and punishment |
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Psychometric Approach to cognitive development
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How do infants think to solve problems
how well they solve problem compared to other infants how well they do it Denver Developmental Test Bayley Scales |
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Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development
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Nancy Bayley
Mental Scale: intellectual function, memory, problem solving, language Motor scale: sit stand jump Infant behavioral profile: social and emotional development through standardized behavior during testing situation Cognitive scale: audio/visual stimuli, manipulation, interaction, memory, goal behavior, follow directions |
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Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development
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how do infants learn to solve problems
Sensorimotor (birth-2 years) Preoperational (2-7) Concrete Operational (7-11) Formal Operational (11-adult) |
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Object Permanance
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Realizing an object exists even when it is out of sight
Before 8 moths--> can't do |
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Representational Thinking
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pictorial competence
understanding nature of pictures word and picture are the same thing ~19 months |
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Schemes
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Understanding of particular things that go on in the world, routines to help understand
assimilate: expanding, assimilate new items as example of food Accommodation: changing scheme |
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Information Processing Approach of Cognitive development
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Encoding storge and use of information
look at how information is stored and manipulated |
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Habituation
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Infants prefer to pay attention to novel sensory experiences
used to (habituated) stimulus: resume normal activity New stimulus: stop normal activity to pay attention (dishabituation) |
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Violation of Expectations
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Asses what infants expect
familiarization phase look longer--> surprise and understanding of unusual event |
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Cognitive Neuroscience approach of Cognitive development
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Study of biological underpinnings of cognition
Examines relationship of cognitive functions to neural/brain activity what brain structures are involved in cognition |
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Social Contextual Approach of Cognitive development
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Vygotsky
Social interactions influence cognitive competence environment influences cognitive development |
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Abecedarian Intervention Program
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Randomly select to give full time care
others only receive medical care intervention= better development Ramey |
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Language Development
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crying cooing babbling gestures, 1st words, naming, sentances
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Theory of Mind
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Pointing is indication of not being autistic
Dont see things from others perspective when autistic Pointing is a way of sharing |
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Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
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Biological endowment that enables language acquisition
uniform across cultures create language in absence of input |
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Motherese
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Enhance language development with high pitch voice
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Primary Emotions
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Present at birth and shared with animals
surprise joy anger sadness fear disgust |
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Secondary Emotions
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Embarrassment, enby, pride, shame, guild
Self awareness--> not in animals or culturally seen |
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Social Referencing
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Follow cues of pat rents
communication before speaking watch parents to see how to respond communicate before actual language develops |
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Temperament
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An individuals behavior style and characteristic way of responding emotionally
usually seen at birth and lasts a lifetime How (style) of behavior and distinct from what (abilities) and why (motivation) of behavior |
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Easy Babies
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40%
positive mood quickly established routine adapt easily |
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Difficult Babies
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10%
react negatively cry frequently no regular routine slow to accept change |
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Slow to Warm Up Babies
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15%
Low activity level negative reactions low adaptability |
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Average Babies
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30%
mix |
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Goodness of Fit
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Childs temperment and parenting style predicts childs outcomes
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Secure Attachment
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Arnsworth
Check in with caregiver go explore depart easily may cry a little with reuniting |
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Insecure Attachment
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Avoidant- engage in litter interaction, little distress, couldnt care less, no contact with returning
Resistant- cling to caregiver then push away Disorganized- dazed, confused, fearful, avoid and resist |
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Autonomy
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Sense that you can do things
Erikson Attachment |
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Shame and Doubt
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Insecure about abilities from excessive impatience and criticism
Erikson Attachment |
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Socialization
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Process in which children develop habits, skills, motives with individuals in society
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Conscience
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Emotional discomfort about wrong doing and ability to refreain from doing it
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Symbolic Function
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Gain ability to mentally represent an object that is not present
understand objects in space, causality, number Piaget |
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Operations
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Internal sets of actions that allow children to do mentally what they used to do physically
Piaget |
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Egocentrism
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Only see from our own perspective
Piaget |
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Animism
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Belief that everything that exists has some consciousness
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Fast Mapping
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Hypothesized mental process where new concept is learned based only on a single exposure to a given unit of information
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Pragmatics
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Practical knowledge needed to use language for communicative purposes
Grammar |
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Gender
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Characteristics of people as male and female
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Gender Identity
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Awareness of gender
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Gender Stability
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Recognition that gender is constant
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Gender Roles
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Set of expectations about behavior of males and females
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Gender Typing
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Socialization process
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Gender Stereotypes
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Preconceived generalizations about male/female behavior
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Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
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Adrenal gland enlarged, high levels of androgens
genetically female but very in way genitals resemble males androgens/hormones responsible for gender specific behavior |
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Androgen Insensitive Males
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No androgen receptors in cells
affect of complete insensitivity is very sensitive body looks female and develop female identity |
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Gender Schema Theory
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Gender typing occurs when children are cognitively able to encode information about gender roles
Bem |
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Social Learning Approach of Gender Typing
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Childrens gender typing results from observation and reinforcement/punishment
Bandura - bobo doll |
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Parten's Classic Study of Play
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Social dimensions
unoccupied- no goal solitary- alone, engrossed in activity onlooker- alone, watch others dont engage parallel- separate but with alike toys associative- social interaction, little organization cooperative- organized games |
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Cognitive levels of Play
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Smilarsky
Functional- 1st year simple an repetitive constructive- manipulate objects to construct pretend: 2-7 pretend, elaborate games with rules: 10 years, board games |
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Authoritarian Parenting
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Rigid, because i said so, im the boss
structure Roaring lion Baumrind maccoby and martin |
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Authoritative Parenting
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Assertive, self regulation, flexible, supportive, guidelines, standards
best parenting style baumrind maccoby and martin |
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Uninvolved Parenting
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distance, uninterested, neglectful, passive
lead to behavioral disorders baumrind maccob and martin |
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Permissive Parenting
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nondirective, over involved, indulgent, no guidelines
baumrind maccoby and martin |
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Weight for Height
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measuring obesity
20% over expected weight for individual's height is considered obese |
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Edible School Yard
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Alice Waters
Movement to prevent obesity in school lunches |
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Piaget Concrete Operational Period
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7 years
spatial thinking and causality categorization: interrelationships family tree inductive/deductive reasoning can get to shcool |
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Inductive Reasoning
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Particular to general
my dog barks terrys dog barks all dogs bark |
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Deductive Reasoning
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General to specific
all dogs bark, spot is a dog, spot must bark |
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Conservation
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Awareness that altering the appearance of an object or substance does not change its basic properties
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Information Processing Approach
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Development of executive function
Computers control of thought actions and emotions |
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Metamory
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Knowledge about process of memory
aware of ability to understand study longer--> know it better |
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Wechsler Intelligence Test for Children (WISC)
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individual test
verbal and performance subtests yields IQ score verbal: information, vocab, arithmetic, similarities, comprehension, digit span Performance: picture completion, picture arrangement, block design, object assembly, digit symbol |
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Flynn Effect
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Noticed difference that IQ changes steadily over time, recalibrate IQ back down to 100 to adapt for change in knowledge
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Lawrence Kohlberg Moral Development Theory
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Reasons for choices formed basis
interviewed boys 10-16 presented with moral dilemma |
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Preconventional Stage of Moral Development
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Morality in terms of external consequences (9yrs)
1. obedience 2. self interest |
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Conventional Stage of Moral Development
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Morality in terms of what other people define as good and bad (adolescence)
3. conformity 4. law and order |
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Post Conventional Stage of Moral Development
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Morality in terms of underlying principles (Adults)
5. human rights- 6. universal human ethics |
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Sociometric Popularity
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How much you like or dislike peers
popular average neglected rejected controversial |
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Perceived Popularity
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Ask children which peer they like best, dont have to rank each child
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Stages of Friendship
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Selman
stage 0: monetary stage 1: one way assistance stage 2: fair weather cooperation stage 3: intimate mutually shared relationships stage 4: autonomous interdependence |
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Binet Scales
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IQ
mental age/chronological age x 100 |
