Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Teratogens |
Environmental factors that cause abnormal prenatal development |
|
|
Fetal Alcohol syndrome (FAS) |
A cluster of severe developmental abnormalities caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol |
|
|
Pereferential looking procedure |
A study to see what baby's prefer to look at= complex patterns |
|
|
Newborn Learning |
-learn rapidly -learn through classical and operant conditioning -infants are born with some innate mechanisms to respond to caretakers |
|
|
Maturation |
Genetically programmed growth |
|
|
Cephalocaudal principle |
reflects the tendency for growth to go in a head to foot direction |
|
|
Modistal principle |
development begins along the innermost part of the body |
|
|
Environmental And Cultural Influences |
-consistent breastfeeding leads to improved cognitive development -Physical growth and perceptual motor development reinforce 3 points: 1. Biology sets limits on environmental influence 2. Environmental influence can be powerful 3. Biological and environmental factors interact |
|
|
Piaget's Stage Model |
-Children's thinking changed qualitatively with age, an interplay of maturation and experience -to achieve understanding, the mind builds schemas to develop organized thought |
|
|
Assimilation |
A key process baby learning schemas that: New schemas are incorporated into existing schemas |
|
|
Accomodation |
Another key process of baby learning schemas that: New experiences cause existing schemas to change, to achieve equilibrium of schemas |
|
|
Sensorimotor Stage |
At 0-2 yrs, infants begin to understand their world through sensory experience and physical interaction |
|
|
Object Permanence |
Where an object can still exist even though it is no longer seen |
|
|
Preoperational stage |
2-7 yrs, children represent the world symbolically through words and mental images, but do not understand basic mental operations or rules -does not yet understand conservation |
|
|
Irreversibility |
preoperational stage children do not comprehend, reversing an action mentally |
|
|
Centration |
they focus on their one aspect |
|
|
Egocentrism |
a difficulty in viewing the world from another's perspective |
|
|
Concrete operational stage |
7-12 yrs, -children can perform basic mental operations, and grasp better irreversibility and less egocentrism |
|
|
Formal operational stage |
12 yrs onwards -individuals can think logically about concreate and abstract problems |
|
|
Information-Processing Approach |
Cognitive development is a continuous gradual process in which the same set of information processing abilities become more efficient |
|
|
Theory of mind |
A person's belief about the mind and ability to understand other people's mental states |
|
|
Emotional regulation |
the process by which we evaluate and modify our reactions |
|
|
temperament |
a biological based general style of reacting emotionally to the environment |
|
|
Erikson's Psychosocial theory |
8 major psychosocial stages which involves different crises about self vs world 1. basic trust vs basic mistrust = 1 yr 2. autonomy vs shame and doubt = 1-2 yr 3. initiative vs guilt = 3-5 yr 4. industry vs inferiority = 6- puberty yr |
|
|
Imprinting |
A sudden biological primed form of attachment to first recognized caretaker |
|
|
Attachment |
a strong emotional bond that develop between children and primary caregivers |
|
|
Attachment process |
-contact comfort, body comfort with a comfortable object is important for developing attachment - occurs in 3 phrases: 1. INDISCRIMINATE ATTACHMENT: newborns cry and evoke feelings into any caregiver 2. DISCRIMINATE ATTACHMENT: children develop familiarity to primary caregiver 3. SPECIFIC ATTACHMENT BEHAVIOR: infants develop first meaningful attachment and secure base |
|
|
Stranger Anxiety |
distress over contact with unfamiliar people
|
|
|
Separation anxiety |
distress over being separated from primary caregiver |
|
|
Strange Situation Test |
-SECURELY ATTACHED: infants explore room and react positively to environment, but cry when caregiver leaves -ANXIOUS RESISTANT: infants are fearful with and without caregiver -ANXIOUS AVOIDANT: few signs of attachment to mother and seldomly cries in absence of mother |
|
|
Isolation |
isolation from human contact during sensitive periods lead to emotional and social retardness and delayed cognitive development |
|
|
Types of Parenting |
-AUTHORITATIVE= controlling but warm -AUTHORITARIAN= controlling and cold -INDULGENT= warm and caring, no rules -NEGLECTFUL= neither warmth nor caring |
|
|
Gender identity |
a sense of sex |
|
|
Gender constancy |
the idea that the gender of a person is a permanent thing |
|
|
sex-typing |
treating others differently based on sex |
|
|
Kohlberg's stage model |
PRECONVENTIONAL MORAL REASONING -anticipated punishments or rewards, stage 1= punishment, 2 = rewards CONVENTIONAL MORAL REASONING -3=conformity vs 4= laws and duties POSTCONVENTIONAL MORAL REASONING -5= importance of societal laws vs 6= morality based on abstract principles |
|
|
Adolescence |
a gradual period between childhood and adulthood |
|
|
puberty |
physical development of sexual organs |
|
|
Adolescent Egocentrism |
-self absorbed and distorted view of uniqueness -personal fable: the overestimate of one's emotion -imaginary audience: everyone is watching |
|
|
4 types of identity status |
1. identity diffusion: unconcerned with identity 2. foreclosure: not yet gone through crisis, already committed to an identity 3. moratorium: currently going through crisis 4. identity achievement: achieved identity after going through crisis |
|
|
Stages of critical events in adulthood |
intimacy vs isolation generativity vs stagnation integrity vs despair |
