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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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teratogens |
external agents that can get to developing fetus and harm it |
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examples of teratogens |
smoking, alcohol, illegal drugs, over the counter drugs |
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how is the teratogen passed to baby? |
placental transmission: passes through the placenta |
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fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) |
collection of congenital problems associated with the excessive alcohol use during pregnancy |
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Physical symptoms of FAS |
extra eye fold, thin upper lip, smooth philtrum |
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Internal Symptoms of FAS |
heart problems, irritability, delayed mental/motor, hyperactivity |
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What will tobacco do to the baby? |
reduce the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the baby smaller baby more likely to be premature still births, miscarriage |
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reflexes |
if reflex is weak, something is wrong with baby |
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sucking reflex |
has to eat food |
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moro reflex |
startle reflex pretend to drop bad, baby must throw hands out |
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rooting reflex |
touch infant;s face, they will turn head to suck on bottle or breast |
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motor development |
muscular development that makes physical activity possible |
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fine motor skills |
use of the hands clapping, grabbing, finger differentiating |
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gross motor skills |
mobility crawling, walking, rolling over |
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cephalocaudal |
motor development develops from head to foot support their own head, use shoulders to roll over |
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proximodistal |
development goes from the center out torso to extremities |
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how do the bones change |
they get bigger # of bones decreases (bones fuze together) |
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fontinels |
soft part on babies head |
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lung growth and efficiency |
they get bigger and work better |
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Jean Piaget Background |
father of developmental psychology |
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what did piaget believe |
children's minds ate not miniature versions of those of adults children are active thinkers not passive beings waiting to be taught |
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scheme/schema |
a concept or framework that organizes or interprets info internal cognitive structure that provides an individual with a procedure to use in a specific circumstance EX: filing cabinet |
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assimilation |
process of using a scheme or schema to make sense of an event or experience |
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accommodation |
changing scheme or schema as a result of new information inspires by conversations with kids |
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sensorimotor period |
birth-two years intelligence develops through minor interactions with concrete objects babies experience the world using senses and motor abilities object permanence |
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object permanence |
understanding that an object continues to exist even though you can't see it |
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pre operational period |
(2-6/7 years) representation (think about objects that are not present) pretend (barbie) understand past and future egocentrism animism |
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egocentrism |
inability to take the perspective of other people (mountain video) It's all about me |
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animism |
the belief that everything else is alive |
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Language Development |
something that happens before two grammer/sentences |
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concrete operational period |
6/7-11 years deductive reasoning conservation |
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deductive reasoning |
answers what if? questions logic |
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conservation |
the amount of something doesn't change even though you alter the appearance water in the cups |
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formal operational period |
11-adulthood think abstractly formulate hypothesis systematic problem solving mature moral reasoning |
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ethology |
genetically determined survival behaviors looks at evolutionary blueprints for behavior |
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imprinting |
when chicks and ducks are born they follow the first moving object that they see follow mother for protection |
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do babies imprint? |
no, they attach |
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attachment |
john bowl by, mary ainsworth the special emotional relationship between infant and primary care giver first 12 months |
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evolutionary adaptiveness |
babies=vulnerable |
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behavioral system |
proximity to caregiver protection from threats |
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survival behaviors |
all infants will be more focused on surviving rather than eating |
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the strange situation |
parent-infant interaction experiment examine balance between security and exploration increasing stress secure based behaviors |
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secure attachment |
(50-60%) confidence in caregiver easy exploration signal needs when upset by separation caregiver contact is satisfying parents are consistantly responsive |
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insecure avoidant attachment |
(10-20%) over control feelings of stress in caregiver's presence not obviously stressed during separation active exploration avoidance of caregiver they act okay but they are not aggressive: only care about themselves |
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insecure anxious, resistant attachment |
10-20% lack of exploration and security in caregivers presence ambivalence toward caregiver wants to be picked up and put back down |
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erickson's psychosocial theory |
each stage centers on a psychosocial crisis or task |
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stages of development |
erik erikson |
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trust vs mistrust |
1st year of life is my world predictable and supportive (attachment theory) |
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autonomy vs shame and doubt |
2nd and 3rd year can i do things for myself or must i always rely on others? toilet training |
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initiative vs guilt |
4th and 6th years am i good or bad independence yet follow rules school, get dressed |
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industry vs inferiority |
6-puberty am i competent or am i worthless mastering things in school scholastic/social |
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identity vs. role confusion |
adolescence who am i and where am i going getting a clear image for yourself |
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intimacy vs isolation |
early adulthood shall i share my life with another or live alone? having significant relationships |
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generatively vs. self absorption |
middle adulthood will i produce something of real value legacy: kids, book, movie, teaching |
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integrity vs despair |
late adulthood have i lived a full life |
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obedience |
adherence of instruction from a higher authority |
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my lai massacre |
1968, vietnam war killed 500 women children and elderly "just following orders" |
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the milligram paradigm |
subjects as teachers ordered to deliver shocks to a learner when provided a wrong answer subjects choose to over orders 63% fully complied up to highest voltage social influences can be strong enough to make people conform to falsehoods or inflict cruelty |
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deindividuation |
lose individual identity to become apart of a group EX: the wave, concert, food fight zimbardo, iraqi ghraib |
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zimbardo's stanford prison study |
24 good boys, 12 guards, 12 prisoners guards become drunk with power |
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abu ghraib iraqi prison |
abuse poeple |
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Zimbardo "the lucifer effect" |
evil is the exercise of power to destroy people systematic obedience: blind willingness to obey authority people still have to make their own decisions |
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the lucifer effect |
how people decide to do evil |
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groupthink |
emphasis on group agreement over critical thinking and sound decision making EX: Challenger explosion jury |
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prejudice |
pre-judgment unjustifiable hatred toward another |
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stereotype |
a generalized belief about a group of people |
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in group bias |
the tendency to favor people in our group |
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out group homogeneity |
highly similar to each other EX: religion: seeing them as all the same |
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ultimate attribution error |
when we attribute a behavior on a group of people based on looks/beliefs |
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scapegoat hypothesis |
out group that is targeted for a problem to take blame off of you holocaust blamed jewish people |
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just-world hypothesis |
you get what you deserve what you get must see the world as fair EX: rape, homeless people |
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Robbers cave study |
boys in two groups pitted against each other bring back together to cooperate |
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jigsaw classrooms |
perform tasks to work together at task |
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bistander nonintervention |
most likely to occur when: don't think it is an emergency think someone else will help |
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kitty genovese case |
walking home late at night raped and killed 38 people did nothing creation of 911 |
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deletha word case |
fender bender men pulled her out of car and began to beat her jumped off the bridge |
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social loafing |
for a group, the whole is less that the sum of its counter parts ex: group project you get more done by yourself than a group |
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prosocial actions
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altruism and role of empathy |
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altruism |
helping selflessly |
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situational influences |
possibility to avoid/escape victim characteristics mood knowledgable about bystander intervention |
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frustration-aggression principle |
mad because the goal to get something is blocked |
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aggression |
associated with reward (gets you something you want) social rejection (school shootings are a result) Arousal (fight or flight) alcohol and other drugs temperature media (desensitization and lack of empathy) |
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aggression personality traits |
negativity impulsivity lack of closeness with others |
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aggression sex differences |
males: more physical aggression females: more relational aggression |
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attraction |
proximity physical attractiveness similarity |
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fundamental Attribution error |
over estimation of dispositional personality influences. underestimation of situational influences EX subway. someone pushing you. overestimating behavior: jerk |
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situational attribution |
maybe that driver is ill |
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dispositional attribution |
crazy driver |
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social influences |
persuasion |
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peripheral route |
tries to get people respond to shallow uninformative guess |
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central route |
offers evidence/argument to persuade someone sharp judgement: convince someone to do something real quick |
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marketing |
i want that because of a celebrity |
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foot in the door |
asking for a small request and then asking for a larger request |
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door in the face |
large request before asking for a small one tendency for people to agree with small request then they would later agree to a bigger one |
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social facilitation |
enhancement of a task that you're good in the presence of others |
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social disruptin |
opposite and dorky task not good in front of people do badly EX sports poor performance on difficult task in the presence of the group |
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cognitive dissonance theory |
people feel discomfort or tension when they experience conflicted beliefs and actions motivated to reduce tension by bringing our beliefs and actions at a consistent state |
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festinger laboratory studies |
subjects given less money for boring basic reported enjoying the task more |
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karl smith |
meaningless task for one hour participant given $1 or $20 $1 liked the work more and did a better job $20 did not like it |
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motivation |
why are you doing the things you are doing |
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cognitive behavior therapy |
work with people to bring in positive things in life |
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conformity |
going along with group tendencies of people to change their behavior because of group standards |
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ash paradigm |
brought in a group of people and asked which line matched. said shorter line matched when participate were alone they gave the same answer ion group people were getting wrong answer because they began to doubt themselves |
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woman compliance rate |
most likely to give wrong answer |
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when does conformity increase |
feel incompetent or insecure at least 3 people present group is unanimous admire group status, attractiveness no prior commitment to any response behavior is observed culture encourages respect for group standards |
