Human Development

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adolescence

Back 1

a developmental period (age 12-18) during which many characteristics change from childlike to adult-like

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estrogen

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one of the major female horomones at puberty, stimulates development of sexual characteristics

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formal operations stage

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the last of Piaget's cognitive stages (age 12-adulthood), when adolescents deveop the ability to think logically

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personal identity

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how we describe ourselves: includes our values, goals, traits, interests, and motivations

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menarche

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the first menstrual period, a signal that ovulation may have occured: potential to have a child

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normal aging

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a graudl and natural slowing of our physical and psychological processes from middle to late adulthood

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pathological aging

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may be caused by genetic defects, physiological problems, or diseases, all of which accelerate the aging process

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puberty

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a developmental period (age 9-17) of significant biological changes resulting in secomdary sexual characteristics

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self esteem

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how much one likes oneself;includes feelings of self worth, attractiveness, and social competence

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testosterone

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the major male hormone; stimulates growth of genital organs and development of sexual characteristics

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authoritarian parents

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attempt to control behavior of their children in accordance with an absolute standard of conduct

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authoritative parents

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attempt to direct their childrens activities in a rational way: supportive, loving...discuss their rules and policies

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companionate love

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having trusting and tender feelings for someone whose life is close bound up with one's own

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female secondary sexual characteristics

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increased secretion of estrogen, inlude growth of pubic hair, development of breast, and widening of hips

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gender roles

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a traditional or stereotypic behaviors, attitudes and personality traits adults expect of males and females

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male secondary sexual characteristics

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increased secretion of testosterone, include growth of pubic and facial hair, development of muscles, amd deeper voice

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menopause

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gradual stoppage in secretion of estrogen, causing cessation of ovulation, menstrual cycle

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passionate love

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continuously thinking about loved one: accompained by warm sexual feelings and powerful emotions

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permissive parents

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less controlling: nonpunishing and accepting attitude: make a few demands on their children

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triangular theory of love

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says love has three components: passion, intimacy, and commitment

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anal stage

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freuds 2nd stage: age 1-3, infants pleasure seeking centered on anus and functions of elimination

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concrete operations stage

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Piagets 3rd stage: age 7-11. children perform logical mental operations on physically present objects

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formal operations stage

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Piagets 4th stage: from age 12, adolescents develop ability to think about and solve abstract problems

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genital stage

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freuds 5th stage: after puberty individual has renewed sexual desires fulfilled through relationships

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latency stage

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freud's 4th stage: age 6-puberty, child represses sexual thoughts and engages in nonsexual activities

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nature-nuture question

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asks how much genetic factors and environmental facyors each contribute to a persons development

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oral stage

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freuds 1st stage; age 0-18 months, infants pleasure seeking is centred on the mouth

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phallic stage

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freuds 3rd stage; age 3-6 child pleasure seeking is centered on the genitals

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preoperational stage

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piagets 2nd stage; age 2-7; children learn to use symbols like words to think about things not presents

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sensorimotor stage

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piagets 1st stage: birth -age 2; infant interacts with environment by sensory experience and motor action

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attachment

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a close fundamental emotional bond that develops between the infant and the parent or caregiver

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cephalocaudal principle

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states that parts of the body closer to the infants head develop before parts closer to the feet

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gender schemas

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sets of information and rules organized around how either a male or female should think and behave

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maturation

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developemental changes that are genetically or biologically programmed rather than learned

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proximodistal principle

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states taht parts closer to the center of the infants body develop before parts farther away

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resiliency

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personality, family, other factors that compensate for increased life stresses to prevent expected problems

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separation anxiety

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an infants distress(loud protest, crying and agitation) whenever the parents temporaily leave

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temperament

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stable behavioral and emotional reactions that appear early and are influenced largely by genetics

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teratogen

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any envrionmental agent (such as disease, drug or chemical) that can harm a developing fetus

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visual cliff

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a glass tabletop with checkerboard and clear glass surfaces to create the illusion of a drop to the floor