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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anecdotal vs Scientific Evidence |
Anecdotal: Personal Experience Scientific: Measured trends
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Define human development-->
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"Change"-- growth and decline (always occurring) |
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Lifespan Life expectancy |
Lifespan: How long a human *could live Life expectancy: Estimate (statistical) Women 81 years Men 78 years |
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Periods of Development |
1.Prenatal (conception - birth) 2.Infancy (birth - 2 years) 3.Early childhood (2 - 6 years) 4.Middle/Late childhood (6 - 11 years) 5.Adolescense (12 - 19 years) *puberty 6.Emerging adulthood (20 - 40 years) 7.Middle adulthood (40 - 65 years) 8.Late adulthood (65+ years) |
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Paul Baltes: Life-Span Development Main Concepts |
1.Lifelong development: Occurs at all times and all ages; up and down *gains & losses *multiple causes/outcomes 2.Plasticity: Sensations improve while others decline
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Normative/ Normative History-graded/ Non Normative |
Normative age-graded: Age related occurrences (biological + social) ex. menopause + school
Normative history-graded: Events/time in history
Non normative: Unusual events. Atypical events ex. teen pregnancy + rape
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What causes development - META (BIG) Theories |
Internal causes: Organismic (innate) Progression is stage like, internal causes, genetics
External causes: Mechanistic (forces) acting on an individual; Parents/culture/communal. Gradual & learned |
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Ethological Theory (Conrad Laurens) |
Behavior influenced by biology & evolution
Critical: given skill by particular age, or else it will not be learned ex: verbal language
Sensative: given skill by a particular age - learned behavior become far more difficult to learn but not impossible
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Psychosocial theories (Erikson) |
8 Normative crises Development = series of social challenges |
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Behavioral theories |
Focus on observation (not infer mental processes/thoughts may be irrelevant)
Pairing of stimulus (provokes behavior) & Response (behavior) |
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Classical conditioning |
Pavlov & Watson
Response to a stimulus is evoked after repeated association with a stimulus that that normally elicits the response |
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'Little Albert' Paradigm |
Albert was curious about rat - neutral stimulus (no reaction) Loud Bang when Albert touches rat - unconditioned stimulus Albert cries (unconditioned), because loud bang (response) Eventually Albert cries (conditioned response) because of rat (conditioned stimulus) |
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Operant conditioning |
Learning from consequences Reinforcement: Encouragement (increase) Positive - adding stimulus Negative - remove stimulus Punishment: Discouragement (decrease) Positive - decrease frequency by adding negative stimulus Negative - decrease frequency by taking away a stimulus |
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Information - Processing theories |
Organize, manipulate, strategize - complex Stimulus -> organism -> response **makes a choice based on past experiences--gain new information gradually Information processing (scolding - crying) |
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Cognitive theory Piaget (4 stages) |
Schemas - organized patterns of thought (flow chart) Piaget: Age related distinct patterns of thinking (4 stages)
Equilibrium (comfort) Assimilation-> keeping old pattern of thinking Accommodation-> changing pattern of thinking |
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Developmental research methods |
Cross sectional design - assess multiple age groups at a time Longitudinal design - studying the same groups over and over *advantages: avoids the cohort effect, trends *disadvantages: $, time, attrition, age, time Sequentional/ Time-lag designs - combines cross sectional & longitudinal |
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APA Guidelines IRB |
1. informed consent 2. confidentiality 3. debriefing 4. deception |
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Biological Beginnings |
Gametes (sex cells sperm/egg) - fertilization (egg/sperm fuse) - Zygote (single cell organism)
Genetic foundation: DNA is passed on. Genes (segments of DNA) & Chromosomes (store and transmit genes) 46 - 23 from each parent |
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What determines sex? |
Autosomes: 22 pairs of chromosomes (make us human, does not change)
Sex chromosomes: 1 pair (23rd) XX - Female XY - Male |
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Alleles |
Multiple forms of the same gene (1 from each parent) ex: Eyecolor
Homozygous - 2 alleles (mother & father same) Heterozygous - 2 alleles differ (one from each) |
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Polygenic Inheritance Dominant & Recessive Inheritance |
Dominant: Heterozygosity, with dominant allele Recessive: Homozygosity, with no dominant allele Co-dominance: Incomplete dominance *different dominant alleles - balance of traits (blood type) |
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Inherited defects |
Dominant abnormal gene: Huntington's disease (breakdown of processing protein) *rare Recessive abnormal gene: Cystic fibrosis (both parents pass unhealthy rr) Incomplete: partial dominance: Sickle cell anemia - trait is not fully expressed (triggered by bodily stress) |
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Sex-linked chromosomal abnormalities |
Klinefelter syndrome: extra 'X' chromosome (XXY)
Fragile X syndrome: abnormality in 'x' chromosome |
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Genetic expression |
Genotype: Person's actual genes ( DD, Dd, dd) Phenotype: Observable characteristics (physical & psychological) |
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Behavioral Genetics |
Heritability: How much of a difference in trait due to genetics? Measuring- Family studies, adoption studies, twin studies
Genes & environment interact- Does environment help or hinder a trait? |
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Heredity & Environment |
Reaction range: potential variation in trait (not specific/area) Canalization: restrictions on a trait (high means likelihood is certain) |
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Gene & Development Interactions |
Genetic traits may never show up if not in the right environment
Inherited disorders- some genes interact w/environment spina bifida (folic acid) or cleft palate (alcoholism) |
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Prenatal Development |
Stages of prenatal development 1. germinal (conception - 2 weeks) 2. embryonic (2 weeks - 8 weeks) 3. fetal (8 weeks - birth) |
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Germinal Period |
Zygote (single cell) -> Blastocyst -> implantation (ends germinal period) Blastocyst imbeds in mother's uterus 10-14 days after conception
*prior to implantation there is NO way to determine pregnancy *high rate of spontaneous abortion (50/50) |
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Embyronic stage |
Increase in progesterone (tests look for) prepares uterus, decreases immune system response
After implantation~ Cell production accelerates, differentiation (cells take on roles), and migration (cells move to designated area) Organogenisis: Beginning of organs (formation) - 5th-6th week: heartbeat (3/4 weeks after implantation) *High risk of spontaneous abortion - this is the most crucial biological formation |
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Embryonic Life Support |
Amnion: Water sac (urine) Chorion: Outer lining of placenta Placenta: nutrient delivery Umbilical cord: baby's veins & arteries - attached to placenta - stem cells |
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Formation of the Brain |
3rd to 4th week: neural plate folds to create neural tube *if the tube does not close on the bottom - spina bifida *if the tube does not close on the top- anencephaly
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Sex Differentiation |
6th - 8th week (embryonic) after conception *testosterone: internal & external structures (sex organs) |
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The Brain (fetal) |
5th week - structures start to form 9th week - Neurogenisis: neurons (nerve cells) **23rd week - connections between neurons, neurons slowly take on functions (formation of memory) **point of viability @ this point the baby could live without the mother |
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Fetal Stage |
8 weeks - birth (38 weeks/full term) Growth: organs & body more complex functions Finishing touches: toenails, eyelids **Bone, Fat: Bones means no longer embryo 10th-16th week: Movement (muscle spasms) 22nd week: viable & recognize mother's voice |
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Prenatal Assessment & Interventions |
Ultrasound: soundwaves to determine depth Amniocentesis: a needle takes a sample of the amnionic fluid to retrieve cells |
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Teratogens |
Negatively impacts development Drugs: certain medications (painkillers, psychoactive meds) & second hand smoke Environmental pollutants Infectious diseases |
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Other Hazards |
Mother's diet: Nutrition Mother's stress: corticosteroids (stunted growth, ADHD, irregular feeding & sleeping Mother's age: Safest range 16-35 y.o -- could lead to premature & birth complications **younger than 16- high death rate 3-4x higher **older than 35- chromosomal abnormalities
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Miscarriage / spontaneous abortion |
Trimester 1 - 70 - 90% due to chromosomal abnormalities & progesterone deficiency Trimester 2 - 10 - 30% due to uterine malformation, growths in uterus, cervical problems, cord issues, placenta issues |
