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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Human Development
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Scientific study of changes that occur when people age from conception to death.
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Longitudinal Design
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(Age related changes) A group of people that are the same age that are studied periodically as they age.
(+) look at age related changes as they occur (-) very time consuming, takes a lot of money, participants move away, quite or even die |
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Cross sectional Design
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(Age related differences) A group of individuals (diff ages) who are studied.
(+) Less costly, easier to accomplish then Longitudinal design (-) You can't compare to the same individual |
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Cross Sequential design
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It is a combination of Longitudinal and Cross sectional design. Used to shorten the length of research and lessen the developmental assumptions.
Ex. You take 25 men and 25 women with 5yr age diff and study them for 20 - 70 yr intervals. |
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Nature
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This is what is you inherit. Characteristics, personality, physical growth, intellectual and social growth.
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Nuture
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This is what you inherit from your environment. Characteristics, personality, physical growth, intellectual and social growth
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Genetics
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Study of heredity
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DNA (deoxyirubunucleic acid)
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Its the smallest substance that still contains a substance
- Contains 2 sugar phosphate strands - sugar phosphate strands are linked together by Amines |
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Amines
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A.K.A bases. Carry the structure (genetic code) ex. hair color, muscles, skin
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Gene
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Specific order of Amines
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Chromosomes
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Genes that are located on the rod shaped structures.
you have: 46 chromosomes in a cell you get 23 from father 23 from mother 23rd chromosome is the sex chromosome. |
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Dominant
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The gene that is more active
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Recessive
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The gene that fades into the background
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Polygenic
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"many genes" inheritance
Ex. Human skin color |
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Down Syndrome
(Chromosome disorder) |
You have and extra chromosome. You have 47 instead of 46.
Remember down (from down syndrome) and think the opposite and add a chromosome. |
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Klinefelter's
(Chromosome disorder) |
Only happens to men. They have an extra chromosome. Instead of XY it's XXY.
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Turner's
(Chromosome Disorder) |
Only happens to women.
They are missing a chromosome. Instead of XX they only have X. |
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Autosomes
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It's the 22 pairs of Chromosomes.
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Genetic and Chromosome Problems
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When both parents carry the recessive gene for a disease and you end up with both.
*Also, when you have an extra or missing a chromosome. |
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Ovum
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A female egg from an ovary
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Fertilization
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when a males sperm fertilizes a womens egg
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Zygote
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A fertilized egg. It has 46 chromosomes.
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Monozygote
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"Identical twins" When a single sperm fertilizes an egg. The egg then splits into two.
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Dizygote
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"Faternal twins" When two eggs are fertialized.
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Germinal Period
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One week for the egg to move to the uterus and another week for it to attach to the wall of the uterus.
*Placenta begins to form at this time *Umbilical cord starts to form at this time. From the baby to the Placenta |
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Placenta
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Gives the baby nourishment and filters away the waste product made by the baby.
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Embryo
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a developing organism that is attached to the uterus.
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Embryonic Period
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(2 - 8 weekds) 8th week - embryo has eyes, teeth, little arms and legs and a beating heart.
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Infant - 1 years old
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Triples there weight and adds another foot to their height.
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2 year old (brain and height of child)
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Brain triples in weight reaching 75% of adult weight
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5 year old (brain and height of child)
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Brain is at 90% of adult weight
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Teratogen
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Any virus, drug or chemical or any other factor that can cause a birth defect.
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Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
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Children form mental concepts (schemes) when they experience a new situation and event
A person understand information if it fits into it's view of the world. If the person doesn't understand the information, it must reexamine the data and adjust it's thinking to accomodate the new information. there are 4 stanges to his theory. |
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Piaget's 1st stage of cognitive development (SPCF)
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1. Sensorimotor - (birth - 2 years old)
Child learns about themselves and their environment through motor and reflex skills. Through sensation and movement. *Understand that objects represent people, concepts and events. |
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Piaget's 2nd stage of cognitive development (SPCF)
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2. Preoperational - (2- 7 years)
*Child uses language. *Also personifies objects. *Can think of things that aren't currently present. *Don't conceptualize time. *Think is infuenced by fantasy |
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Piaget's 3rd stage of cognitive development (SPCF)
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3. Concrete - (7 - 12 yrs old)
*accomindation increases *Thinks abstractly *makes rational judements |
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Piaget's 4th stage of cognitive development (SPCF)
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4. Formal (adolesense)
*no longer needs concrete objects to rationalize things. *Can think hypothetically and deductive reasoning * |
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Assimilation
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Children try to understand a new situation with schemes they already know.
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Egocentrism
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Doesn't have the ability to see through anyone elses eyes but their own.
(memory hint: you only think of yourself and not others.....EGO) |
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Centration
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Fosus on one aspect of a situation and ignore the others.
(memory hint: think about being centered on one object) |
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Conservation
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ability to understand that altering the appearance of something does not change it's amount, volume or mass
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Irreversibility
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seeing a short wide glass of liquid get poured into a tall skinny glass. children think that the second one has more.
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Vygotsky's Theory
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(it's important to be there). Children gain cognitive devlopment from interactions w/ other individuals.
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Scaffolding
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More highly skilled person gives help to someone who needs it and slowly backs out as the person learns.
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Zone of proximal Development (ZPD)
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The difference as to what a child can do on their own and what they can do with a teacher.
ex. Jenny can do 4th grade math problems but w/ a teacher she can do 6th grade problems. ZPD= 2 years. (6-4=2). |
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1st Stages of Languate Development
(CBOTW) |
1. Cooing (2 months) baby makes vowel sounds.
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2nd stage of languate development (CBOTW)
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2. babbling (6 months) add consenant sounds like babbling
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3rd stage of language development (CBOTW)
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3. One-word speech (before 1 yr old) say nounds. Holophrase - whole phrase in one word.
Ex. Milk! means I drank all my milk or I want milk. |
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4th stage of language development (CBOTW)
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4. Telegraphic speech (1 - 1.5 yr old) toddlers begin to string words together to form short simple sentances.
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5th stage of language development (CBOTW)
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5. Whole sentances (preschool - up) use grammical terms and increase the number of words they know
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Temperament
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behavior and emotional charachteristic that are fairly well established at birth.
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1st type of temperament (EDS)
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1. Easy - regulare schedule of waking, sleeping and eating. Baby adapts to change
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2nd type of temperament (EDS)
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2. Difficult - oppiste of easy ones. Irregulare schedules and are not adaptable to change
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3rd type of temperament (EDS)
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3. slow to warm up - less grumpy, quieter and more regular than the difficult. But slow to adapt to change.
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Attachment
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emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary care giver.
*forms in the first 6 months *become wary of strangers *mothers are the primary attachment |
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Mary Ainsworth
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Studied the attachment of babies to the primary care giver.
Level of attachment is called "Strange situation" There are 4 levels. |
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1st type of level of attachment
(SAAD) |
1. Secure - baby will leave mothers lap to look around.
Mother leaves room - baby gets upset. Mother comes back and baby is easily soothed. |
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2nd type of level of attachment
(SAv,A,,D) |
Avoidant - somewhat willing to explore. Mom leave and baby is not concerned. Mom shows up and baby is not concerned.
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3rd type of level of attachment
(S,A,Am,D) |
3. Ambivalent - Have mixed feelings about something. Babies are clinging and unwilling to explore. Upset by strangers even if mother was in the room. Hard to soothe.
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4th type of level of attachment
(SAAD) |
Disorganized - Disoriented: baby unable to decide just how they should react to the mother's return. will approach her but while looking away. afraid to make eye contact. See this case with abbused children.
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Andropause
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This is the male equivalent to menapause.
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Erikson's Phycosocial stages
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It's the 8 crisis that change growth of personality.
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Erikson's 1st stage of phychosocial development
(remember 1. T) |
1. Infant (0-1) -
Conflict: Basic trust vs. mistrust Resolution: Hope Culmination in old age: Appreaciation of independance and relatedness. |
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Erikson's 2nd stage of phycosocial development
(remember 2. A) |
2. Early childhood (1 - 3)
Conflict: Autonomy vs. shame Resolution: Will Culmination in old age: Acceptance of cycle of life. |
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Erikson's 3rd stage of phychosocial development
(remember 3. Ini) |
3. Play age (3-6)
Conflict: Initiative vs. Guilt Resolution: Purpose Culmination in old age: Humor, empathy and resilence. |
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Erikson's 4th stage of phychosocial development
(remember 4. Ind) |
4. School age (6-12yrs)
Conflict: Industry vs. Inferiority Resolution: Competence Culmination in old age: Humility, acceptance of ones life and unfulfilled hopes |
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Erikson's 5th stage of phychosocial development
(remember 5. Id) |
5. Adolescent age (12- 19yrs)
Conflict: Identity vs. confusion Resolution: Fidelity Sense of complexity of life |
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Erikson's 6th stage of phychosocial development
(remember 6. Inti) |
6. Early adulthood (20 - 25yrs)
Conflict: Intimacy vs. Isolation Resolution: love Sense of complexity of the relationship |
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Erikson's 7th stage of phychosocial development
(remember 7. G) |
7. Adulthood (26 - 64yrs)
Conflict: Generativity vs. stagnation Resolution:Care caring for others, empathy and concern |
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Erikson's 8th stage of phychosocial
development (remember 8. Inte) |
8. Old age (65- older)
Conflict: Integrity vs. Despair Resolution: Wisdom Existential Identity |
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Authoritarian Parenting
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Parenting that is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the children.
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Permissive neglectful
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Parents aren't involved w/ their children, ignoring them until it interferes w/ what the parents want.
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Authoritative Parenting
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Firm limits on behavior w/ love, warmth and affection, respect and willingness to listen to the child.
Punishment - time out, restrictions and loss of privilages |
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Newborns 4 critical adjustments
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1. respiration
2. digestion 3. circulation 4. Temp. regulation |
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Cellular - Clock Theory
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Cells are limited to the number of times they can repair damages.
*Telemores, structures at the end of the chromosomes that shorten each time a cell reproduces and damages *almost like when your car warranty runs out. |
