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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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who are some important people in terms of the historical background of developmental psychology?
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Wilhelm Preyer, Charles Darwin, Jean-Marc Itard, James Mark Baldwin, John Locke (tabula rasa)
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William Preyer's contribution to Human Development?
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Wrote the first textbook in child development. Examined the development of emotion, intention, mind, and language. Greatest contributions were his methods of study (rules of observation)
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James Mark Baldwin's contribution?
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Promoted the idea that abilities progress through a series of specific stages that take on different forms and undergo systematic changes throughout childhood before they reach their mature state (first stage theorist of note). The adult mind can only be understood in termso f the child mind that precedes it.
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What are the central questions asked in child development research and theory?
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1. Discontinuity vs. continuity (Is development a gradual process or does it occur in stages?)
2. Genetic inheritance and the environment (how do these two factors work together in terms of development?) 3. Plasticity. To what extent is it possible for the course of development to change as the result of either deliberate or accidental 5. Individual differences. How does a person come to have stable individual characteristics that make him or her different from all other people? |
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What is ontogeny?
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The development of an individual during its lifetime
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what is quantitative change?
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changes that emphasize a process of a continuous, gradual accumulation of small changes
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what is qualitative change?
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Qualitative change is seen in the emergence of new patterns of behavior at specific points in development, such as the change from babbling to talking or from crawling to walking.
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What is a critical period?
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A period during which specific biological or environmental events are required for normal development to occur
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What is a sensitive period?
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A time in an organism's development when a particular experience has an especially profound effect
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What is plasticity?
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The degree to which, and the conditions under which, development is open to change and intervention
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What is objectivity?
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The requirement that scientific knowledge not be distorted by the investigator's preconceptions
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What is reliability?
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The scientific requirement that when the same behavior is measured on two or more occasions by the same or different observers, the measurements be consistent with each other
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What is replicability?
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The scientific requirement that other researchers can use the same procedures as an initial investigator did and obtain the same results
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What is validity?
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the scientific requirement that the data being collected actually reflect the phenomenon being studied
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What is applied research?
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Research that seeks to solve practical problems. Research that is used to find solutions to everyday problems, cure illnesses, and develop innovative technologies.
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What is basic research?
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Refers to study and research on pure science that is meant to increase our scientific knowledge base. This type of research is often purely theoretical with the intent of increasing our understanding of certain phenomena or behavior but does not seek to solve or treat these problems.
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What is action research?
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Research that is designed primarily to provide data that can be used in social policy decision making. Usually meant to sway the opinions of nonscientist legislators and government officials.
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What are Freud's psychosexual stages?
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1. oral (the mouth is the focus of pleasurable sensastions as the baby sucks and bites).
2. anal (the anus is the focus of pleasurable sensations as the baby learns to control elimination). 3. phallic (children have sexual fantasies about the parent of the opposite sex and feel guilt about their fantasies. they obtain sexual gratification when they masturbate). 4. latency (sexual urges are submerged. children focus on mastery of skills valued by adults). 5. genital (adolescents have adult sexual desires and seek to satisfy them). |
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What are Erikson's psychosocial stages?
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1. Trust vs. mistrust
2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt 3. initiative vs. guilt 4. Industry vs. inferiority 5. Identity vs. role confusion 6. Intimacy vs. isolation 7. Generativity vs. stagnation 8. Integrity vs. despair |
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What is Mitosis?
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The process of cell duplication and division that generates all the individual's cells except sperm and ova
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What is meiosis?
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The process that produces sperm and ova, each of which contains only half of the parent's original complement of 46 chromosomes
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What is DNA?
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A long double-stranded molecule that makes up chromosomes
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What are chromosomes?
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Threadlike structures that are made up of genes. In humans, there are 46 chromosomes in every cell, except sperm and ova
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What are genes?
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The segments on a DNA molecule that act as hereditary blueprints for the organism's development
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What are alleles?
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The specific form of a gene coded for a particular trait
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What is genotype?
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The genetic endowment of an individual
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What is phenotype?
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The organism's observable characteristics that result from the interaction of the genotype with the environment
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What is canalization?
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The process that makes some traits relatively invulnerable to environmental events
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What is a discrete trait?
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Traits involving a single gene that operate as "either-or" traits because a person either has one or does not
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What is codominance?
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The outcome in which a trait that is determined by two alleles is different from the trait produced by either of the contributing alleles alone
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How do children inherit type AB blood?
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By inheriting one type A allele and one type B allele
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What is Waardenburg syndrome?
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Most often characterized by varying degrees of deafness, minor defects in structures arising from the neural crest, and pigmentation anomalies
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What is Marfan Syndrome?
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A genetic disorder of the connective tissue. It is a dominant trait.
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What is a sex-linked characteristic?
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Traits determined by genes that are found on only the x or y chromosome
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Which gender is more susceptible to genetic defects?
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Males
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What causes red-green color blindness?
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No corresponding gene on the Y chromosome that will enable the male to see red and green
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What is hemophilia?
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A disease in which the blood does not clot readily. It is a sex-linked, x chromosome disorder.
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What is down syndrome?
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Three copies of chromosome 21 instead of two
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What is PKU?
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An inherited metabolic disorder that leads to severe mental retardation if not treated.
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What is Klinefelter syndrome?
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A condition in which males are born with an extra X chromosome. This occurs as a result of faulty meiosis.
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What is Turner syndrome?
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When a female is missing an X chromosome
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What is the germinal period?
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The period that begins at conception and lasts until the developing organism becomes attached to the wall of the uterus about 8-10 days later
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What is the embryonic period?
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The period that extends from the time the organism becomes attached to the uterus until the end of the eighth week of pregnancy, when all the major organs have taken primitive shape
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What is the fetal period?
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This period begins with the ninth week after conception, with the first signs of the hardening of the bones, and continues until birth
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What is cleavage?
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The series of mitotic cell divisions that transform the zygote into the blastocyst
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What is heterochrony?
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The idea that different parts of the organism develop at different rates
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What is heterogeneity?
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Variability in the levels of development of different parts of the organism at a given time
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During which week does the heart first start to beat?
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The end of the third week
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When do bones start to ossify?
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The ninth week
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When does the brain start to develop?
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Days 10-13
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When do arm and leg buds appear?
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The fourth week
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When does the fetus turn heads down?
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Usually at 32 weeks of pregnancy
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When is a fetus considered viable?
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28 weeks
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Which sensory systems are functioning during gestation? How do we know this?
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Using modern techniques of measurement and recording, researchers have found that fetus's can sense motion (changes in the mother's posture, etc.), hearing, and sight. Fetus's can sense motion at about 5 months. They can sense light at 26 weeks. They can respond to sound at 5-6 months.
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What are the effects of malnourished mothers on their babies?
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Birth defects, illnesses, miscarriage, premature birth, low birth weight
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What are Teratogens?
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Environmental agents that can cause deviations in normal development and can lead to serious abnormalities or death
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When is the gravest danger to life during the gestational period?
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During the first 2 weeks, before the cells of the organism have undergone extensive differentiation and before most women are even aware that they are pregnant
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What are the most common teratogens?
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Certain drugs and infections, radiation, and pollution
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What are the effects of a mother's stress on the fetus?
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Stress hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol pass through the placenta and have a measurable effect on the fetus's motor activity. Stress during pregnancy is also associated with premature delivery and low birth weight
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What is conception?
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The formation of a viable zygote by the union of a male sperm and female ovum
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What is fertilization?
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The same thing as conception
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What is the morula?
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The cluster of cells inside the zona pellucida
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What is the chorion?
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One of the membranes that develops out of the trophoblast. It forms the fetal component of the placenta
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What is implantation?
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The process by which the blastocyst becomes attached to the uterus
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What is the blastocyst?
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The hollow sphere of cells that results from the differentiation of the morula into the trophoblast and the inner cell mass
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What is a cephalocaudal pattern?
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The pattern of development that proceeds from the head down
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What is a proximodistal pattern?
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The pattern of development that proceeds from the middle of the organism out to the periphery
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What is vernix?
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The waxy or cheese-like white substance found coating the skin of newborns. It is hypothesized to have antibacterial properties
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What is lanugo?
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Fine, downy hair that grows on fetuses as a normal part of gestation that is usually shed and replaced by vellus hair at about 40 weeks of gestational age
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What is prematurity?
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The term used for babies that are born before the thirty-seventh week of pregnancy
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What is totipotency?
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The ability of a single cell to divide and produce all the differentiated cells in an organism, including extraembryonic tissues.
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What is multipotency?
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Cells that have the potential to give rise to cells from multiple, but a limited number of lineages. Example: A blood stem cell can develop into several types of blood cells, but cannot develop into brain cells or other types of cells
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What is the state of neural development at birth?
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At birth, the brain contains the vast majority of all the cells it will ever have
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How big is the brain at birth?
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Four times smaller than it will be at adulthood
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What four things happen during postnatal brain development?
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Myelination, synaptogenesis, an increase in size and complexity of the dendrites that protrude from every neuron, an increase in the number of branches that axons form as they create connections to multiple receiving neurons
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What sensory processes are evident at birth (or shortly thereafter)?
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Hearing, touch
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Which sensory processes are mature and which ones are immature?
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Hearing and vision are immature. Smell and taste are mature. Touch is mature.
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Why do newborns tend to visually "scan" the horizon?
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Because it is an important and innate component of the baby's developing ability to perceive visual forms
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What are the reflexes present at birth?
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Babinski, crawling, eyeblink, grasping, moro, rooting, stepping, sucking
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Which reflexes present at birth go away?
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All of them except for eye blinking
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What are the 6 primary emotions?
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Joy, fear, anger, surprise, sadness, disgust,
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What are the three broad categories of temperament in infants?
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Easy babies (playful, regular in their biological functions, and adapt readily to new circumstances), difficult babies (irregular in their biological functions, irritable, and often respond intensely and negatively to new situations or try to withdraw from them), slow-to-warm-up babies (low in activity level, responses are typically mild, tend to withdraw from new situations, but in a mild way, and require more time than easy babies to adapt to change)
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What are the typical sleep patterns during the first year?
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Neonates spend most of their time asleep. Studies show that babies sleep about 16.5 hours a day during the first week of life. By the end of 4 weeks, they sleep a little more than 15 hours a day, and by the end of 4 months, they sleep a little less than 14 hours a day.
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What is a developmental niche?
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The physical and social context in which a child lives, including the child-rearing and educational practices of the society and the psychological characteristics of the parents
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What are the domains of development?
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Behavioral, Emotional, and physical
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What is experience-expectant brain development?
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Development of neural connections under genetic controls that occurs in any normal environment
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What is experience-dependent brain development?
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Development of neural connections that is initiated in response to experience
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What is habituation?
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The process in which attention to novelty decreases with repeated exposure
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What is dishabituation?
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The term used to describe the situation in which an infant's interest is renewed after a change in the stimulus
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What is a fontanelle?
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Soft spots on a baby's head which, during birth, enable the bony plates of the skull to flex, allowing the child's head to pass through the birth canal. Fontanelles close over by a child's second birthday.
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What is an infant's visual acuity during the first few months?
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Neonates have 20/300 vision. They can see at 20 feet what an adult with normal vision can see at 300 feet
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When does an infant's color perception develop?
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Newborns seem to possess all, or nearly all, of the physiological prerequisites for seeing color in a rudimentary form. When two colors are equally bright, however, they do not discriminate the difference between them. By 2 months of age, infants' ability to perceive different colors appears to approach adult levels
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When do babies develop color vision?
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2 months
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When can an infant recognize their mother's face?
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around 2 months
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What evidence do we have that infants have intermodal perception?
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3 and 4 month olds seems to know which sounds went with different phenomena (blocks banging, sponges being squished)
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Describe the brain development during the second year.
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Myelination accelerates both for neurons that connect different parts of the cerebral cortex and for neurons that link the brain stem and lower-lying areas of the central nervous system with the cerebral cortex. The myelination increases the overall complexity and efficiency of the central nervous system. By the end of the second year, most of the brain structures that eventually will support adult behavior are present.
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What is the average age for crawling and walking?
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Crawling: 8.5 months
Walking: between 12 and 13 months |
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What are an infant's crying patterns?
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It increases from birth to about 6 weeks and then starts to decrease
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What are the two basic emotions at birth?
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Contentment and distress
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When does control of elimination develop? When is it necessary for it to be possible?
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Before a baby can control these muscles voluntarily, the sensory pathways from the bladder and bowels must be mature enough to transmit signals to the brain. There is strong evidence that the processes of gaining voluntary control over bowel and bladder are under maturational control.
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What evidence is there that the ability for representation or symbolic thought is developing between 18 and 30 months?
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Infants will search for a hidden object, certain that it exists somewhere
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What is manual dexterity?
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The ability to pick up, explore, and manipulate objects.
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When does the coordination of fine hand movements increase?
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It increases significantly between 12 and 30 months
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When is object permanence mastered?
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18-24 months; substage six of sensorimotor substages
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What other abilities is object permanence associated with?
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Problem solving, logical reasoning, systematic searching
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When does symbolic play begin?
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During the second year
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When do infants have a sense of self?
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They have mastered self-recognition by 18 months
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When does a sense of standards develop?
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Around 2 years of age
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What is a primary emotion?
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An emotion that bears a simple, direct relation to the event that elicits them
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What is a secondary emotion?
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depend on infant’s new abilities to recognize, talk about, and think about themselves in relation to other people (e.g., in terms of some social standard, rule, or desired goal), also known as "social" or "self-conscious" emotions
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What are the characteristics of the bio-social-behavior shift?
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Myelination of connections among brain areas
Leveling off of brain growth Maturation of brain areas in roughly equal degrees. Decline of distress at separation Distinctive sense of self Acceptance of adult standards Emergence of secondary emotions Walking becomes well coordinated Manual dexterity enables infant to pick up small objects Control over bladder and bowels |
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What are Piaget's Sensorimotor Substages?
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1. Reflex schemas exercised
2. Primary circular reactions 3. Secondary circular reactions 4. Coordination of secondary circular reactions 5. Tertiary circular reactions 6. Beginnings of symbolic representation |
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What is a transitional object?
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Something that takes the place of a mother-child bond (doll, teddy bear, etc.)
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