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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Stress and Families
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Universal experience found in families
Can occur with normal daily life Can occur with unexpected life events Time of challenge and growth |
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Predictable Stress
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Stress can emerge as a result of common life and family events
ex. having a child |
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Unpredictable Stress
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Unpredictable stress refers to the unexpected events that happen in life that disrupt life patterns and cannot be foreseen.
May be positive (winning the lottery) but usually negative (a death or divorce) |
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Developmental Perspective
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Some stresses go hand in hand with changes that occur as we develop over the life-span
Individuals and families handle these stresses differently There is “good stress” and “bad stress” Marker events-transition points in human development |
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Marker Events
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Transition points in human development
ex. A child's first steps, a teenager's driver's license, a wedding |
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Life Course Perspective (timing)
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Understanding "how varying events and their timing in the lives of individuals affected families in a particular historical context"
Time considered: Individual time- our chronological age Generational time- positions and roles Historical time- events in era which you live |
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Carter and McGoldrick's Model
Vertical stressors |
Unique family patterns of relating and functioning that are transmitted from one generation to the next
Examples: attitudes, values, secrets, expectations, rules, pressures from society, and individual characteristics, genetic makeup, violence |
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Carter and McGoldrick's Model
Horizontal stressors |
Flow across time (time dimension)
Can be predictable (normative) events that happen with development Can be unpredictable (non-normative) events that occur Can be related to historical times and events Horizontal stressors interact with each other and the vertical stressors The greater the anxiety from any one of these transitions, the greater the stress on the family |
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Carter and McGoldrick's Model
Systems level stressors |
Have to do with social, cultural, economic and political factors that can put pressure on families
This level focuses on the nesting of and interaction between one system that is within the other (a person within a family) Ex. work demands, demands from extended family |
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Stages of life cycle and stress
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Single adulthood
Coupling/marriage Child bearing years School age years Adolescence Launching Empty nest Retirement |
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Divorce
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"Divorce is a disruption of the family's life course and is characterized by loss, change, and complexity."
Emotional and practical chaos Two phases (may overlap)- Separation and legalization Settling into single-parent family Three key qualities for child's well-being: 1). Basic psychological and economic needs are met 2). Extended family or pre-divorce close friendships are maintained 3). Parents exhibit mutual cooperation and support around child-oriented concerns |
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When does stress turn into a crisis?
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The stress turns into a crisis when a family lacks the resources to cope with what has happened.
Coping capacity may depend on: number of previous stressors Degree of role change involved in coping Social support available Institutional support available |
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Mourning process with illness or disability
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Mourning process that parents undergo is similar to stages coping with death
1). Impact stage- learn of child's condition 2). Denial- disbelief, may reject diagnosis 3). Grief- anger and sadness 4). Focusing outward- seeking information, discussing options, expressing options 5). Closure- reconciliation with reality, sense of adaption to child's needs |
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Stages of family crisis
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Process of handling loss, grief or chaos
Time it takes to move from stage to stage will be different Equifinality- every family deals with crisis differently and each family reaches the final stages of the process differently 1). shock resulting in numbness, disbelief or denial 2). Recoil stage resulting in anger, confusion, blaming, guilt and bargaining 3). Depression 4). Reorganization resulting in acceptance and recovery |
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Kubler-Ross's process of dying
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The dying person will move through all of this stages if there is time.
1). Denial 2). Anger 3). Bargaining 4). Depression 5). Acceptance |
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Coping strategy sequence
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Change or adapt existing rules, ways of doing things, rearranging responsibilities to address the stress
Change metarules (rules about rules) so that new areas of rules are created to address the stress Change the basic assumptions about life; reorder value structure to address stress |
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Sociofugal space
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Discourages interaction
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Sociopetal space
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Supports interaction
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Proxemics (intimate, personal, social, and public space)
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The study of distances as a function of communication
How people position their bodies as they relate with each other. Differs by family and culture: Intimate space- encourages non-verbal expression of affection and emotions (0-18 inches) personal space- supports interpersonal discussions/ interactions (18 inches- 4 feet) Social space- social gatherings/business conversations (4-12 feet) public space-that such as waving to neighbors; winks, hand signals (over 12 feet) |
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Fixed and semi-fixed features
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Fixed:
Physical boundaries Ex. walls of a house, fences "Territory" is a form of fixed space Refers to space that one feels a claim to Ex. "Our yard" "my room" "my house" |
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Semi-Fixed Features
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Created by an arrangement of movable objects
Ex. furniture, sliding door/ walls |
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Time
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orientation- past, present, future
"clocking" refers to the daily use of time. Scheduled patterns help families function more efficiently/ minimize stress synchrony: willingness of two or more people to coordinate individual cycles into an overall rhythm Greater synchrony = lower stress from daily hassles |
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Exterior Space
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Housing spaces influence interaction
Neighboorhood / community plan community gardens and playgrounds promote interaction and social bonding Safe environments allow for more flexible boundaries for families Placement of housing can facilitate interactions and collective neighborhoods |
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Interior Space
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Fixed and semi-fixed features will influence and reflect family themes, images, patterns of relating.
Private and public "zones" allow for some degree of privacy in certain places and certain times Arrangement of furniture, TV, computer etc. can encourage or discourage interaction |
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Environmental Fit
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Isomorphic fit: environment is consistent with family identity, themes, relating patterns.
Ex. Family with active kids may want an open space where they can easily supervise . Complimentary fit: the environment balances opposite aspects of family. Ex. children room together so they can learn to share and interact with each other |
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Environmental non-fit
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The family environment may not fit the family patterns of relating, themes, identity.
Ex. Starter home gets too small Ex. Home is not child-friendly Income largely determines "fit" Ex. Those with higher income have more choices/ options |
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Family influences on health
(definition) |
"Throughout the lifespan, the everyday interactions among family members have the potential to have a tremendous impact on individuals‟ construction of health, talk about health, participation in health care systems, enactment of health or unhealthy behaviors, and health status” (p. 352).
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Family influences on health
(1st slide) |
Married adults are healthier than unmarried adults and have lower mortality rates.
More true for men than women. Marital quality also affects health...conflict affects a women's health more than a man's health. |
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Family influences on health
(2nd slide) |
Families influence each other's health behaviors by communicating their opinions about thing like: nutrition
exercising smoking alcohol breast feeding sexual activity on-going communication is important |
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Family influences on health
(3rd slide) |
Families with greater conflict:
children more likely to use drugs lower self-esteem Teen girls display less risky behavior when they come from families where there is open dialogue. Teen girls who come from rigid families report more risky behavior. |
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Perspectives on well-functioning families
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People either believe that life happens to them...they are not in control
Reactors, they do not take responsibility for their role in the problem or to change relationships. OR people are actors and feel they can make personal changes that create a new kind of relationship...they have some control. |
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Perspectives on well-functioning families (The systems perspective)
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Families can grow in the direction of their choice.
May require risk, effort, and pain. May be resisted by some family members. The more people on board for the change the more possible it is. It is difficult for families to recognize negative patterns where change would be beneficial. |
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Family strengths and universal values
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Ability to cope with stress and crisis.
Peacefulness. Appreciation and affection. Freedom. Commitment. Positive communication. Justice. Time together. Economic adequacy. Spiritual well-being. |
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Family resiliency
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Family communication processes:
clarity open emotional expression collaborative problem solving Family Organizational patterns: connectedness flexibility social and economic resources Family belief systems: making meaning of adversity positive outlook transcendence and spirituality |
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Strong families
(slide 1) |
Find the positive.
Pull together. Communicate clearly. keep things in perspective. Adopt new roles in flexible manner. Maintain and create rituals. |
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Strong families
(slide 2) |
Look at big picture.
Find meaning and purpose. Address challenges head on. Use constructive communication. Have spiritual wellness. View crises as growth opportunities. Have clear generational boundaries. |
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Improving family functioning
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Personal education:
Books and media. Conscious negotiation with partner/family. Ongoing family meetings to address problems. Support from friends or members of a connected network. Instructional approaches: Marital and family enrichment programs. Educational not counseling. Therapeutic approaches: Over 5 million couples seek therapy/year. Goal is to affect change in interpersonal relationships. |
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Double ABC-X Model
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Attempts to help researchers and practitioners further understand the process of recovery.
It extends Hill's ABC-X model beyond crisis and over time. |
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ABC-X Model
(a) |
a = stressor event
Has potential to change family system Examples: Divorce Suicide Death because of HIV/AIDS Fired from a job Bankruptcy |
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ABC-X Model
(b) |
b = existing resources
Resources are: attitudes material and emotional support relationships That we can call upon to assist us. family members, money, community workers, problem solving ability, decision making skills, previous experience |
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ABC-X Model
(C) |
c = perception of the situation
The definition we place on the situation can make a big difference. Death is a good example. Grandfather is quite old and is suffering from cancer. Young father is killed in a logging accident. Which do we perceive to be more stressful? |
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ABC-X Model
(X) |
x = outcome/crisis
x= level of disruption and disorganization experienced by the family. Generally, we know a crisis has occured when the old ways of doing things don't work. Crisis stages involve: 1). Shock 2). Recoil (blaming, anger, bargaining) 3). Depression (sadness and grieving loss) 4). Reorganization: at this point the family begins to come out of a crisis state |
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Double ABC-X Model
(aA, bB, cC, xX) |
aA = pile up
bB = ability to draw from existing and new resources cC = family interpretation of the crisis (glass full or empty?) xX = effect of family's adaption on individuals and community maladaption bonadaption |
