Human Development 202

Front 1

phonemes

Back 1

the sounds of a language that are the basis for word construction

Front 2

semantics

Back 2

the meanings associated with words

Front 3

syntax

Back 3

the grammer, or rules, of a language

Front 4

pragmatics

Back 4

the practical rules guiding the use of verbal and nonverbal communication in differing situations

Front 5

phonemic awareness

Back 5

knowledge of permissible and nonpermissible strings of sounds in one's native language
ex: "sp" vs. "sr"

Front 6

cooing

Back 6

making soft, repetitive vowel sounds
2 months

Front 7

babbling

Back 7

repeating consonant-vowel combinations
6-10 months

Front 8

receptive language

Back 8

children's understanding of language

Front 9

expressive language

Back 9

children's ability to produce language

Front 10

holophrases

Back 10

individual words that convey as much meaning as whole sentences

Front 11

fast mapping

Back 11

associating the sound of a word with the concept the word stands for, sometimes in a single exposure

Front 12

overextension

Back 12

the use of words to refer to objects or things that are outside the bounds of the category named by the word
ex: doggie for all furry animals

Front 13

underextension

Back 13

the use of words to refer to fewer items than the word actually names
ex: shoe for specific one

Front 14

telegraphic speech

Back 14

early language in which only highly informative words are used and less informative (the, a, an) are neglected

Front 15

language acquisition device (LAD)

Back 15

Chompsky's idea that there is a part of the brain that allows children to understand the properties of all human languages

Front 16

child-directed speech
motherese

Back 16

a special version of language that caregivers use with their children
simple, repetitive, high-pitched, intonations

Front 17

expansion

Back 17

taking young children's simplified language and adding complexity and completeness to it

Front 18

Learning Based Theories

Back 18

Skinner

learned thru observation

exposure to environment

Front 19

Innate Theories

Back 19

Noam Chomsky

LAD

linguistic universals

critical periods

Front 20

Social Interaction Theories

Back 20

active participation

exposure to rules, contexts, and patterns

Front 21

endogenous smile

Back 21

smile that is triggered by changes in nervous system activity and involves only the lower facial muscles
reflexive

Front 22

exogenous smile

Back 22

smile that is triggered by external stimuli
2-3 weeks

Front 23

social smile

Back 23

smile that is triggered by social stimuli (such as mother's face)
6-8 weeks

Front 24

social referencing

Back 24

using caregivers as a source of information about how to respond in an uncertain emotional situation or condition

Front 25

4 cries

Back 25

1. basic- rhythmic pattern
2. anger- breathy sound
3. pain- sudden & loud
4. hunger- kicking with rhythm

Front 26

self-conscious emotions

Back 26

those emotions that involve injury to or enhancement of one's sense of self (such as pride and shame)

Front 27

temperament

Back 27

the predisposition to respond in certain enduring and characteristic ways to one's environment

Front 28

Thomas & Chess 9 components of temperament

Back 28

1. Rhythmicity- regularity of sleep, hunger, etc
2. Activity Level- intensity & frequency of motor movement
3. Approach-withdrawl- degree of acceptance or rejection
4. Presistence- time devoted to activity
5. Adaptability- adjustment to change
6. Quality of mood- expression of positive/negative emotions
7. Distractibilty- degree that environment can alter behavior
8. Threshold of responsiveness- intensity of stiumlation needed for response
9. Intensity of reaction- energy level of response

Front 29

Rothbart 6 components of temperament

Back 29

1. Fearful distress- tendency to withdrawl from new situations
2. Anger/frustration- degree of anger when needs are not met
3. Positive affect- amount of positive emotion shown
4. Activity level- level of gross motor activiy and energy
5. Attention span/persistence- ability to maintain focus & interest
6. Regularity- predicitability of behavior

Front 30

goodness of fit

Back 30

the match between a child's temperament and the demands of his or her environment

Front 31

"Easy" temperament

Back 31

infants who behave predictably and respond positively to new situations

Front 32

"Difficult" temperament

Back 32

infants who are irregular in schedules, slow to adapt to change, cry longer & louder, wary of new people/situations

Front 33

"Slow-to-warm-up" temperament

Back 33

infants who tend to be active but initially do not respond well to new situations/people

Front 34

attachment

Back 34

an enduring emotional tie characterized by a tendency to seek and maintain closeness to a specific figure, particularly under conditions of stress

Front 35

4 Phases of attachment

Back 35

1. Preattachment (first 8 weeks)
2. Attachment-in-making (2-6 months)
3. Clear-Cut (around 7 months)
4. Goal-corrected partnership (4 years)

Front 36

stranger anxiety

Back 36

a wary and fearful reaction to strangers

Front 37

separation anxiety

Back 37

a response in which negative protests accompany seperation from attachment figures

Front 38

Strange Situation

Back 38

a procedure used to assess infants attachment behavior under conditions of increasing stress due to separations from caregiver and strangers

Front 39

secure attachment

Back 39

pattern in which infants use their attachment figures as a secure base, obtaining comfort from their presence and becoming distressed by their absence

Front 40

avoidant attachment

Back 40

pattern characterized by conspicuous avoidance of contact or interaction with the caregiver

Front 41

ambivalent attachment

Back 41

pattern characterized by inconsistent behavior toward a caregiver

Front 42

disorganized/disoriented attachment

Back 42

pattern characterized by lack of a coherent strategy for handling separations from and reunions with caregiver

Front 43

synchrony

Back 43

degree to which caregiver's and baby's behaviors occur together and are coordinated to produce a state of mutual enjoyment and engagement

Front 44

physical abuse

Back 44

abuse that causes death, serious physcial harm, or imminent risk of serious harm

Front 45

sexual abuse

Back 45

abuse that invovles engaging in sexual activity

Front 46

neglect

Back 46

failure to provide shelter, clothing, or protection for a child

Front 47

psychological maltreatment

Back 47

emtional abuse caused by threatening harm or conveying to an individual that she or he is worthless, unloved, or unwanted

Front 48

primary prevention

Back 48

efforts targeted at the population as a whole, to sensitize people to basic issues or to provide particular skills

Front 49

secondary prevention

Back 49

efforts targeted at a specific segment of the population thought to be at high risk for abuse

Front 50

tertiary prevention

Back 50

efforts directed at preventing or decreasing the reoccurance of an event that has already occured