Human Development

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development

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pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life.

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physical processes

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change in and individuals biological nature

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cognitive processes

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changes in an indivudals though, intelligence and language

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socioemotional processes

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changes in indivuals relationships with other people

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nature/nurture

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organisms biological inheritance/ and organisms enviornmental inheritance

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genotype and phenotype

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individuals genetic heritage/ perosns observable characteristics

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reflexes

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crucial for survival and come into the world knwing how to do them

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teratogen

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is an agent which causes a birth defect

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swallowing, grapsing, rooting

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automatic tendencies to respond to turn the other cheep or such on something tht goes in its mouth, or grab something with its palm

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caphalocaudal development

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motor coordination that develops from head to foot

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proximodistal development

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motor coordination that develops from center outward

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habituation

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decreased resposiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations

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research conducted with babies

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cross sectional studies, and longitudinal studies

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brain development during infancy

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the dendrites of the neurons branch out as the baby continues to walk, talk and learn new things
when the infant is born their neurons have minimal connections.

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schemas

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concepts or framworks taht already exist in a given moment in a persons mind ad tat organizes info and provides a structure for interpreting it

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accomodation

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individuals adjust their schemas to new info

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assimilation

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individuals incorporate new info into existing knowledge

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sensorimotor stage

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birth to 2 years of age, construct an understanding of the world by coordination sensory experiences.

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object permanence

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understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen or heard
ex. show an infant a toy then cover it with the blanket and the infant will try to uncover it, if they believe the toy still exists.

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preoperational stage

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2 to 7 years of age. children begin to reprsent their world with words, images and drawings. Symbolic thinking is limited and they cannot perform operations yet.

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conservation

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belief in the permanence of certain attributes of objects or situations in spite of superficial changes.
Test for it:beaker example

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egocentrisim

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inability to distinguish between ones perspective and someone elses perspective
ex: see which photo they pick bec of their view or someone elses

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concrete operational stage

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7 to 11 years of age
involves using operations and replacing intuitive though with logical reasoning in concrete situations,

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formal operational stage

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11 to 15 years of age thought is more abstract, idealistic, and logical. they are no longer limited to concrete experience

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criticims of piagets theory

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he ignored individual differences, way too much emphasis on grand stages and not smaller steps in solving problems.

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erik eriksons theory of devleopment

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first four take place in childhood, and last four in adolenscent and adulthood. Each stage represents a task or crisis that a person must negotiate.
his ideas changed conventional thinking about some periods of development.

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attachment

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close emotional bond between and infant and its caregiver.

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Harry Harlows attachment

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infants go to the mother with contact comfort not feeding only.

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Mary ainsworth study of attachment

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stranger situation, she leaves infants alone with a stranger and see how they react. they react with either secure or insecure attachment.

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temperament

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individuals behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.
psych classify it by the easy chil, difficult child, and slow to warm up child.

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authoritarian parenting

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parent exhorts the child to follow directions and value hard work, by being punitive.

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authoritative

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encourages independence and still controls behavior

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indulgent parenting

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involved but place few limits on them

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lawrence kohlbergs studies or moral reasoning

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creating stories and asking parents and adolescents about the stories.

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preconventional level

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based on punishments and rewards that come from the external world.

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conventional level

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standards learned by parents and societies

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post conventional level

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develops personal moral code, their own beliefs.

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crystalized intelligence

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an individuals accumulated information and verbal skills increases in middle adulthood

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fluid intelligence

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ones ability to reason abstractly begins to decline in middle adulthood.