Human Dev. Test 2 Definitions 3

Front 1

Frailty?

Back 1

Weakened functioning of diverse organs and body systems, which profoundly interferes with everyday competence and leaves the older adult still highly vulnerable in the face of an infection, extremely hot or cold weather or injury.

Front 2

Functional Age?

Back 2

Actual competence and performance of an older adult, as distinguished from chronological age.

Front 3

Implicit Memory?

Back 3

Memory without conscious awareness.

Front 4

Instrumental Activities of Daily Living?

Back 4

Tasks that are necessary to conduct the business of daily life and that also require some cognitive competence, such as telephoning, shopping, food preparation, housekeeping, and paying bills.

Front 5

Macular Degeneration?

Back 5

Blurring the eventual loss of central vision due to a breakdown of light-sensitive cells in the macula, or central region of the retina.

Front 6

Maximum Lifespan?

Back 6

The generic limit to length of life for a person free of external risk factors. Distinguished from average life expectancy and average healthy life expectancy.

Front 7

Neurofibrillary Tangles?

Back 7

A structural change in the cerebral cortex associated with Alzheimer's disease in which bundles of twisted threads, appear that are the product of collapsed neural structures.

Front 8

Osteoarthritis?

Back 8

A form of arthritis characterized by deteriorating cartilage on the ends of bones of frequently used joints, which leads to swelling, stiffness, and loss of flexibility. Otherwise known as "wear and tear" arthritis or "degenerative joint disease". Distinguished from rheumatoid arthritis.

Front 9

Primary Aging?

Back 9

Genetically influenced age-related declines in the functioning of organs and systems that affect all members of our species and occur even in the context of overall good health. Also called biological aging. Distinguished from secondary aging.

Front 10

Prospective Memory?

Back 10

Recall that involves remembering to engage in planned actions in the future.

Front 11

Remote Memory?

Back 11

Recall of events that happened long ago.

Front 12

Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Back 12

A form of arthritis in which an autoimmune response leads to inflammation of connective tissue, particularly the membranes that line the joints, resulting in overall stiffness, inflammation, aching, deformed joints, and serious loss of mobility. Distinguished from osteoarthritis.

Front 13

Secondary Aging?

Back 13

Declines due to heredity defects and environmental influences, such as poor diet, lack of exercise, disease, substance abuse, and environmental pollution, and psychological stress. Distinguished from primary aging.

Front 14

Selective Optimization with Compensation?

Back 14

A set of strategies used by elders who sustain high levels of functioning. They narrow their goals, selecting personally valued activities as a way of optimizing returns from their diminishing energy while also finding new ways compensating for losses.

Front 15

Terminal decline?

Back 15

Marked acceleration in deterioration of cognitive functioning prior to death.

Front 16

Wisdom?

Back 16

A capacity made up of multiple cognitive and personality traits, the ability to reflect on and apply that knowledge in ways that make life more bearable and worth while; emotional maturity, including the ability to listen, evaluate, and give advice; and altruistic creativity, which involves contributing to humanity and enriching other's lives.

Front 17

Activity Theory?

Back 17

A social theory of aging that states that declining rates of interaction in late adulthood reflect social barriers to engagement, not the desires of elders. Older people will try to preserve life satisfaction by finding roles that allow them to remain about as active and busy as they were in the middle age. Distinguished from disengagement theory, continuity theory, and socioemotional selectivity theory.

Front 18

Affect Optimization?

Back 18

he ability to maximize positive emotion and dampen negative emotion. An emotional strength in late adulthood.

Front 19

Aging in place?

Back 19

In late adulthood, remaining in a familiar setting where one has control over one's everyday life.

Front 20

Congregate Housing?

Back 20

Housing for elderly that provides a variety of support services including meals in a common dining room, along with watchful oversight of elders with physical and mental disabilities.

Front 21

Continuity theory?

Back 21

A theory of aging that states that most aging adults, in their choice of everyday activiites and social realtioationships, strive to maintain a personal system- an identity and a set of personality dispositions, interests, roles, and skills- that promote life satisfaction by ensuring consistency between their past and anticipate future. Distinguished from disengagement theory, activity theory, and socioemotional selectivity theory.

Front 22

Dependency- Support Script?

Back 22

A typical pattern of interaction in which caregivers attend to elders dependent behaviors immediately, thereby reinforcing those behaviors. Distinguished from independence ignore script.

Front 23

Disengagement theory?

Back 23

A social theory of aging that state that declines in social interaction in late adulthood are due to mutual withdrawal between elders and society in anticipation of death. Distinguished from activity theory, Continuity Theory, and Socioemotional selectivity theory.

Front 24

Ego Identity Versus Despair?

Back 24

In Erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of late adulthood, which is resolved positively when elders come to terms with their lives and feel whole, complete, and satisfied with their achievements, recognizing that the paths they followed, abandoned, or never selected were necessary for fashioning a meaningful life course.

Front 25

Gerotranscendence?

Back 25

According to Joan Erikson, a psychological stage characterizing the very old representing development beyond ego integrity. Involves a cosmic, transcendent perspective directed forward and outward beyond the self. Apparent in heightened inner calm and contentment and in additional time spent in quiet reflection.

Front 26

Independence Ignore Script?

Back 26

A typical pattern of interaction in which elders independent behaviors are mostly ignored and as a result occur less often. Distinguished from dependency support script.

Front 27

Life Care Communities?

Back 27

Housing for the elderly that offers a range of alternative from independent or congregate housing to full nursing home care, guaranteeing that elders, needs will be met within the same facility as they age.

Front 28

Optimal Aging?

Back 28

Aging in which gains are maximized and losses are minimized.

Front 29

Reminiscence?

Back 29

The process of telling stories about people and events from the past and reporting associated thoughts and feelings.

Front 30

Secondary Friends?

Back 30

People who are not intimates but with whom an individual spends times occasionally, such as a group that meets for lunch, bridge, or museum tours.

Front 31

Social convoy?

Back 31

A model of age related changes in the social networks, which views in the individual as moving through life within a cluster of relationships. Close ties are in the inner circle, less close ties on the outside. With age, people change places in the convoy, new ties are added and some are lost entirely.

Front 32

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory?

Back 32

A social theory of aging that states that social interaction in late adulthood extends lifelong selection processes. According to this view, physical and psychological aspects of aging lead to an increased emphasis on the emotion regulating functions of social interaction. Consequently, older adults prefer familiar social partners with whom they have developed pleasurable relationships. Distinguished from disengagement theory, activity theory, and continuity theory.

Front 33

Third Age?

Back 33

A new phase of late adulthood, extending from ages 65 to 79 or longer, resulting from added years of longevity puts good health and financial stability in which older adults pursue personally enriching interests and goals.

Front 34

Advanced Medical Directive?

Back 34

A written statement of desired medical treatment should a person become incurably ill.

Front 35

Agonal phase?

Back 35

The phase of dying in which gasps and muscle spasms occur during the first moments in which the regular heart beat disintegrates. Distinguished from clinical death and mortality.

Front 36

Anticipatory Grieving?

Back 36

Before a prolonged, expected death, acknowledging and preparing emotionally for inevitable loss.

Front 37

Appropriate death?

Back 37

A death that makes sense in terms of individual's pattern of living and values, preserves or restores significant relationship, and is as free of suffering as possible.

Front 38

Bereavement?

Back 38

The experience of losing a loved one by death.

Front 39

Brain death?

Back 39

Irreversible cessation of all activity in the brain and the brain stem. The definition of death accepted in most industrialized nations.

Front 40

Clinical Death?

Back 40

The phase of dying in which heartbeat, circulation, breathing, and brain functioning stop but resuscitation is still possible. Distinguished from agonal phase and mortality.

Front 41

Death Anxiety?

Back 41

Fear and apprehension of death.

Front 42

Dual-process model of coping with loss?

Back 42

A perspective that assumes that people cope most effectively with loss when they oscillate between dealing with the emotional consequences of loss and attending to life's changes, which- when handled successfully- have restorative, or healing, effects.

Front 43

Durable Power of Attorney for health care?

Back 43

A written statement authorizing appointment of another person, (usually, through not always, a family member) to make-health care decisions on one's behalf.

Front 44

Euthanasia?

Back 44

The practice of ending the life of a person's suffering from an incurable condition.

Front 45

Grief?

Back 45

Intense psychological distress following the death of a loved one.

Front 46

Hospice?

Back 46

A comprehensive program of support services for terminally ill people and their families, which regards the patient and family as a unit of care and emphasizes meeting the patient's physical, emotional, social and spiritual needs, while also providing follow- up bereavement services to the family.

Front 47

Living Will?

Back 47

A written statement specifying the treatments a person does or does not want in case of a terminal illness, coma, or other near death situation.

Front 48

Mortality?

Back 48

The death phase of dying in which the individual passes into permanent death. Distinguished from agonal phase and clinical death.

Front 49

Mourning?

Back 49

The culturally specified expression of the bereaved person's thoughts and feelings through funerals and other rituals.

Front 50

Palliative or comfort care?

Back 50

Care for terminally ill, suffering patients, that relieves pain and other symptoms (such as nausea, breathing difficulties, insomnia, and depression) with the goal of protecting the patient's quality of remaining life rather than prolonging life.

Front 51

Passive Euthanasia?

Back 51

The practice of withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment, permitting a patient to die naturally. Distinguished from voluntary active euthanasia.

Front 52

Persistent Vegetative State?

Back 52

A state resulting from absence of brain wave activity in the cerebral cortex in which the person is unconscious and displays no voluntary movements.

Front 53

Voluntary Active Euthanasia?

Back 53

The practice of acting directly, at a patient's request, to end suffering before a natural end to life. Distinguished from passive euthanasia.