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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Interpersonal Relationships
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The interconnections and interdependence between two individuals
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Interpersonal communication
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The exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages between two people who have a relationship and are influenced by their partner’s messages.
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4 Types of interpersonal relationships
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Family
Friendship Online Relationships Romantic Relationships |
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Family
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– Small social groups bound by ties of blood, civil contract (marriage or adoption) and a commitment to care for and be responsible for one another.
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Friendship
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a close and caring relationship between two people that is perceived as mutually satisfying and beneficial.
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3 Benefits from forming friendships
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-Emotional support
-companionship -help coping with major life stressors |
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6 important characteristics of a friend
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Availability – caring – honesty – trust – loyalty – empathy
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Relational Network
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Web of relationships that connect individuals to one another.
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Empathy
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the ability to put yourself in another’s place in an attempt to understand their experience.
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Love
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– A deep affection for and attachment to another person involving emotional ties with varying degrees of passion, commitment, and intimacy.
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6 Types of Love
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Eros - Ludus - Storge - Pragma - Mania - Agape
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Eros
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Erotic, sexual love, Sex most important aspect. Focus is one beauty and attractiveness.
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Ludus
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Playful and excitement. Doesn’t require great commitment
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Storge
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Love that lacks passion
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Pragma
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Committed, practical love. Want a long term relationship with individual who shares their goal in life.
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Mania
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Intense, romantic love. Extreme feelings and intensity until it reaches its peak and then fades away.
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Agape
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selfless, romantic love. Individual gives willingliy and expects nothing in return. Can care for others without close ties.
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Hyper personal communication
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When online communicators exaggerate the perceptions of their relational partners.
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4 Functions of relationships
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To meet goals
- companionship - stimulation - To satisfy basic human needs |
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3 things that cause Interpersonal Attraction
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Similarity
Physical attraction Proximity |
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primary motivation behind some people’s desire for a relationship.
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Loneliness
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Inclusion
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To involve others in our lives, and to be involved with others
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Proximity
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Nearness. Must be able to interact with someone to form a relationship
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How are people who are considered beautiful or attractive perceived ?
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as being kinder, warmer, more intelligent, and more honest than unattractive people.
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How is beauty defined ?
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Defined by cultural standards
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Attraction – similarity hypothesis
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the extent to which we project ourselves onto another person is the direct result of the attraction we feel for that person.
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Matching Hypothesis
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We seek relationships with others who have comparable levels of attractiveness.
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Genetic – Similarity Hypothesis
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Two individuals who hails from the same ethnic group are more genetically similar than two individuals from different ethnic groups. Therefore we tend to help, favor, and form relationships with people from our own ethnic group.
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Social exchange of costs and benefits
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Process of balancing the advantages and disadvantages of a relationship.
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Rewards
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the elements of a relationship that you feel good about.- things about the person or relationship that benefit you in some way
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Extrinsic rewards
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Those you gain from association with another person (social status or professional connections).
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Instrumental rewards
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The resources and favors that partners give to one another. (living together to save on rent and utilities)
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Intrinsic rewards
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Exchange of intimacy
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Costs
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Things that upset or annoy you, cause stress, or damage your own self image or lifestyle
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Uncertainty reduction Theory
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(1975)Charles Berger and Richard Calabrese. When two people meet, their main focus is on decreasing the uncertainty that lies between them.
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Monitoring
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allows you to observe and evaluate people as they go about their business and communicate with others.
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3 interpersonal attraction hypothesis
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+Genetic – Similarity Hypothesis
+Matching Hypothesis +Attraction – similarity hypothesis |
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Costs
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Things that upset or annoy you, cause stress, or damage your own self image or lifestyle
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Proactive Strategies
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Direct questioning. Lets you obtain information about a person more directly
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Indirect Strategies
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A way of obtaining information from a relational partner without specifically asking for it.
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Relational Dialect Theory
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Dialectal tensions arise when opposing or conflicting goals exist in a relationship.
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External Dialectical tensions
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Between the partners and the people they interact with
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Internal Dialectical tensions
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Within the relationship
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3 Types of internal tensions
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Predictability versus Novelty
Openness versus Closedness Autonomy versus Connection |
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Autonomy versus Connection
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When individuals may struggle to strike a balance between independence and dependence.
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Openness versus Closedness
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When tension comes as partners strive to find a balance between sharing information and as desire to keep some things private
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Predictability versus Novelty
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Most people have a simultaneous need for stability through predictable relational interaction as well as need for a new and exciting experiences in personal relationships.
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Social penetration theory (SPT)
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We categorize our personal information into varying levels of privacy, then we determine what information is private and what we are willing to share.
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Explain the onion model of SPT
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• The outer layer represents aspects of the self that are obvious and observable, like appearance and such
• The closer you get to the center of the onion the more private and less obvious things become that you begin to find out. |
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Communication Privacy Management Theory (CPM)
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How people perceive the information they hold about themselves and how they disclose or protect it.
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Privacy management requirements
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cultural rules or expectations by which people must be willing to abide
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Strategic Topic avoidance
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Used by one or both relational partners to maneuver the conversation away from undesirable topics.
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Stages of a Relationship
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Declining Stage
Exploratory stage Intensification Stage Stable Stage Initiating Stage |
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Initiating Stage of a relationship
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One in which you make (verbal) contact with another person.
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Exploratory stage of a relationship
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You’re seeking superficial information from your partner.
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Intensification Stage of a relationship
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When relational partners become increasingly intimate and more their communication toward more personal self disclosures.
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Stable Stage of a relationship
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The relationship is no longer volatile or temporary. Have a great deal of knowledge about each other, and for comfortable with their motives for being in a relationship.
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Dialectal Tensions
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Opposing or conflicting goals that may exist in a relationship
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Strategies for managing stable relationships
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1.Remember what made you interested in the relationship in the first place.
2.Spend Quality Time together 3.Be Understanding 4.Express Affection 5.have realistic expectations 6.Work on intimacy |
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Declining Stage of a relationship
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When relationship begins to fall apart
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3 Factors that lead to the declining stage:
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Unmet Expectations
Interference Uncertainty Events |
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Factors that cause uncertainty in a relationship
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•Competing relationships (romantic or platonic)
•Deception or betrayal of confidence •Sudden or unexplained changes in sexual behavior, personality or values, or in the degree of closedness between partners. |
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Uncertainty Events
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Events or behavioral patterns that cause uncertainty in a relationship.
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Interference
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• Timing, family, other friends problems with work, money, can all contribute to the decline of a relationship.
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5 Repair Tactics
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•Improving Communication
•Focusing on the positive aspects of each partner and of the relationship itself. •Reinterpreting behaviors with a more balanced view •Reevaluating the alternatives to the relationship •Enlisting the support of others to hold the relationship together. |
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Termination Stage
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The end of the relationship
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Termination Strategies for Romantic Relationships
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•Negative Identity management
•Deescalation •Withdrawal or avoidance •Justification •Positive Tone Messages |
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3 types of positive tone relationship termination messages
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o Fairness
o Fatalism o Compromise |
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Deescalation
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Promise of friendship
Appeal to independence Blaming the relationship Implied Possible reconciliation |
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Two Justification strategies for terminating a relationship
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-Emphasize negative consequences of not disengaging
-Emphasize positive consequences of disengaging |
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Two Negative Identity management strategies for terminating a relationship
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- Nonnegotiation
- Emphasize enjoyment of life |
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Reconciliation
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A repair strategy for rekindling an extinguished friendship.
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6 reconciliation strategies
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Avoidance
Third Party mediation High Affect Tacit Persistence Mutual interaction Spontaneous development |
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Spontaneous development
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Partners end up spending more time together.
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High Affect
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partners resolves to be nice and polite to one another. Remind each other of what they found attractive about the other in the first place.
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• Tacit Persistence
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When one or both refuses to give up.
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• Mutual interaction
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Partners talk more often and vow to remain friends.
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• Avoidance
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Avoid spending time together and begin to miss each other.
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