Human Cognition Chapter 10

Front 1

Grammar:

Back 1

a system of rules that produces well-formed, or “legal”, entities, such as sentences of a language

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Phonemes:

Back 2

the smallest unit of sound that makes a meaningful difference in any given language

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Morphemes:

Back 3

the smallest meaningful unit of language

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Syntax:

Back 4

the arrangement of words within sentences; the structure of sentences

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Semantics:

Back 5

the study of meaning

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Pragmatics:

Back 6

the rules governing the social aspects of language

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Linguistic competence:

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underlying knowledge that allows a cognitive processor to engage in a particular cognitive activity involving language, independent of behavior expressing the knowledge

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Linguistic performance:

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the behavior or responses actually produced by a cognitive processor engaged in a particular cognitive activity involving language

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Phonetics:

Back 9

the study of speech sounds

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Phonology:

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the study of the ways in which speech sounds are combined and altered in language

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Lexical ambiguity:

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the idea that some words have different meaning; for example. Bank can refer to the side of a river or to a financial institution

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Propositional complexity:

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the number of underlying distinct ideas in a sentence

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Story grammar:

Back 13

a structure people are thought to use to comprehend large, integrated pieces of text

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Gricean maxims of cooperative conversation:

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pragmatic rules of conversation, including moderation of quantity, quality, relevance, and clarity

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Informationally encapsulated process:

Back 15

a process with the property of informational encapsulation

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Modularity hypothesis:

Back 16

Fodor’s proposal that some cognitive processes, in particular language and perception, operate on only certain kinds of inputs and operate independent of the beliefs and other information available to the cognitive processor or other cognitive processes

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Whorfian hypothesis of linguistic relativity:

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the idea that language constrains thought and perception. So that cultural differences in cognition could be explained at least partially by differences in language

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Aphasia:

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a disorder of language, thought to have neurological causes, in which either language production, language reception, or both are disrupted

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Broca’s aphasia:

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also called expressive or motor aphasia; symptoms of this organic disorder include difficulty speaking, using grammar, and finding appropriate words

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Wernicke’s aphasia:

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also called receptive or sensory aphasia; symptoms of this organic disorder include difficulty in understanding speech and producing intelligible speech, although speech remains fluent and articulate

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Lateralization:

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specialization of function of the two cerebral hemispheres