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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Circulatory system (detailed) |
The circulatory system also called the cardiovascular system consists of the heart blood vessels (arteries veins and arterioles) in blood. It supports the circulation and distribution of various substances throughout the body. Oxygen, hormones, and nutritions from foods are some of these substances. |
Transportation highway. Heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries. |
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Digestive system (detailed) |
The digestive system consists of all the organs from the mouth to the anus involving the indigestion and breakdown or processing of food. The organs along this path include the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestines, rectum and anus. The digestive system manufacturers enzymes that break down food so that the nutrients can be easily passed into the blood for the use throughout the body. Any food that is not digested is expelled through the anus. The absortion of nutrients actually occurs in the small intestine, which consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. After that, the colon removes water from the waste that remains. To other organs included in the digestive system are the liver and pancreas. The liver produces bile that helps break down fat, and the pancreas delivers enzymes to the small intestine that aid in digestion. |
Where food is broken down |
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Endocrine system (detailed) |
The endocrine system serves to controls body functions. Glands in the endocrine system secrete hormones that travel through the blood to organs throughout the body. Glands such as the pineal, pituitary, thalamus, hypothalamus, thyroid, thymus, and adrenal regulate processes such as growth and metabolism. The pancreas, testis, and ovaries also have endocrine functions, even though they are part of the other body system. |
Controls hormones |
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Integumentary system (detailed) |
The integumentary system consists of the skin, mucus membranes, hair, and nails. It protects internal tissues from injury, waterproofs the body, and helps regulate body temperature. This system also serves as a barrier to pathogens (microorganisms capable of producing diseases). |
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Lymphatic system (detailed) |
The lymphatic system consists of lymph nodes, lymph vessels that carry lymph (a clear fluid rich and antibodies), the spleen, the thymus, and the tonsils, which are made up of lymphoid tissue. It supports the immune system by housing and transporting white blood cells to and from lymph nodes. The lymphatic system also returns fluid that has leaked from the cardiovascular system back into the blood vessels. |
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Muscular system (detailed) |
The muscular system consists of skeletal muscles, tendons that connect muscles to bones, and ligaments that attach bones together to form joints. The cardiac and smooth muscles are not included in the organ system. |
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Nervous system (detailed) |
The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, and it serves as the body's control system. Sensory receptors detect stimuli that can occur both inside and outside the body. The conduction of nerve impulses along nerves is extremely fast, making it possible for immediate reflexive responses to protect the body from threats. Once a threat is detected, the nervous system activates and appropriate muscles or glands to respond. |
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Reproductive system (detailed) |
The main purpose of the reproductive system is to produce offspring. This system consist of the testes, penis, ovaries, vagina, and breasts. The reproductive system is specialized in men to produce sperm and in women to produce eggs (or ova). The reproductive organs also house hormones that encourage or suppress activities within the body (example libido and aggression) and influence the development of masculine or feminine body characteristics. |
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Respiratory system (detailed) |
The respiratory system keeps the body's cells supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide as it is released from the cells. It consists of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, Bronchi, and lungs. The lungs house tiny air sacs called alveoli. It is throught the walls of the alveoli that oxygen and carbon dioxide move in and out of the lungs via small blood vessels called arterioles. |
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Skeletal system (detailed) |
The skeleton system provide support and protection for the body and its organs and supplies a framework that, when used in conjunction with the muscles, it creates movement. It consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints. The skeletal system also serves as storage for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. |
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Urinary system (detailed) |
The urinary or excretory system helps maintain the water and electrolyte (sodium, chloride, and potassium are electrolytes) balance within the body, regulates the acid-base balance of the blood, and removes all nitrogen contained waste from the body. The nitrogen-containing wastes are byproducts of the breakdown of the proteins and nucleic acids. |
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Anatomy
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Study of the structure of organs and body systems
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Physiology
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The study of the function of the organs and body systems
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Atoms
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The smallest part of elements that still retain all the original properties of the element, combine to for a molecule
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Molecule
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A chemical bonding of atoms that possesses its own characteristics independent of the atoms themselves
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Cells
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The basic unit of all life
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Tissues
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Cells combine in terms of function and type (which forms into a tissue)
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Organ
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Two or more tissue types work together to preform a specific function.
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Organ system
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When organs work together to preform a task
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Organism
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The highest level of organization
(the result of all organ systems working together within the body) |
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What is the order of the structure of the human body from smallest to largest
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1. Atoms
2. Molecules 3. Cells 4. Tissues 5. Organs 6. Organ Systems 7. Organism |
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What are the 4 basic tissue types in a human body?
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Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tisue |
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Epithelial Tissue
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Epithelium serves two functions. It can provide covering (such as skin tissue) or produce secretions (such as glandular tissue). Epithelial tissue commonly exists in sheets and does not have its own blood supply. Subsequently, epithelium is dependent on diffusion from the nearby capillaries for food and oxygen.Epithelial tissue can regenerate easily if well nourished. Epithelial tissues are classified according to two criteria: number of cell layers and cell shape. Simple and stratified epithelial tissues vary in relation to the number of cell layers. Simple epithelium contains one layer of cells. It is found in body structures where absorption, secretion, and filtration occur. Stratified epithelium has more that one layer of cells and serves as protection. The shape of epithelial cells includes squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.
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Connective Tissue
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Connective tissue is found throughout the body; it serves to connect different structures of the body. Connective tissue commonly has its own blood supply; however, there are some types of connective tissue, such as ligaments, that do not. The various types of connective tissue include bone, cartilage, adipose (fat), and blood vessel.
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Muscle Tissue
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Muscle tissue is dedicated to producing movement. There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Skeletal muscle supports voluntary movement since it is connected to bones in the skeletal system. Voluntary movements are consciously controlled by the brain. Smooth muscle is under involuntary control. Which means it cannot be consciously controlled. It is found in the walls of hollow organs, such as intestines, blood vessels, bladder, and uterus. Like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle movement is involuntary. Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart.
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Nervous tissue
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Nervous tissue provides the structure for the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Nerves are made up of specialized cells called neurons that send electrical impulses throughout the body. Support cells, such as myelin, help protect nervous tissue.
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Anatomical position
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A standard position in which the body is facing forward, the feet are parallel to each other, and the arms are at the sides with the palms facing forward.
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Superior
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Toward the upper end of the body or body structure
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Inferior
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Toward the lower end of the body or body structure
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(opposite of Superior)
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Anterior
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Toward the front of the body or body structure
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Posterior
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Toward the back of the body or body structure
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(opposite of anterior)
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Medial
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Toward the middle of the body or body structure
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Lateral
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Toward the outer sides of the body or body structure
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(opposite of medial)
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Intermediate
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Between medial and lateral
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Proximal
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close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment
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Distal
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away from the origin of the body part or point of attachement
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(opposite of proximal)
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Superficial
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toward or at the body surface
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Deep
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away from or below the body surface
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(the opposite of superficial)
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Sagittal Section
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cut made along a longitudinal plane dividing the body into right and left parts
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Midsagittal Section
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Sagittal section made down the median of the body
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Transverse section
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cut made along a horizontal plane to divide the body into upper and lower regions
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(cross section)
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Frontal section
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cut made along a longitudinal plan that divides the body into front and back regions
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(coronal section)
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Dorsal body cavity
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contains the cranial cavity and spinal column
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Ventral body cavity
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contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen; diaphragm dives the ventral cavity into the thoracic cavity (superior to the diaphragm); below the diaphragm are the abdominal and pelvic cavities
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Homeostasis
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When all the needs of the body are met and all of the organ systems are working properly; the body is in a stable state
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Connective tissue can be found in the ...
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Bone
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Epithelial tissue can be found in the ...
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Skin
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Muscle tissue can be found in the ...
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Heart
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Nervous tissue can be found in the ...
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Brain
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Circulatory system
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This system works as the transportation system for substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients in the body.
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Digestive system
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This system breaks down food so that the nutrients can be easily passed into the blood and circulated throughout the body
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Endocrine system
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This system controls body functions
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Integumentary system
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This system protects internal tissues from injury, waterproofs the body, and helps regulate body temperature. This system also serves as a barrier to foreign substances
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Lymphatic system
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This system helps cleanse the blood and house the white blood cells that are involved in protecting the body from environment pathogens.
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Muscular system
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This system produces movement through contractions
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Nervous system
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This system acts as the body's control system and is necessary to protect the body from changes in the internal and external environment.
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Reproductive system
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This system produces offspring
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Skeletal system
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This system provides support and protection for the body, supplies a framework used to create movement, and serves as storage for minerals, such as calcium
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Urinary system
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This system helps maintain the water and electrolyte balance with in the body, regulates the acid-base balance in the blood, and removes all nitrogen-containing wastes from the body
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Heart
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An organ that contracts an pumps blood throughout the body
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Circulatory system
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Arteries
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are blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart to the capillaries.
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Circulatory system
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Capillaries
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Are tiny blood vessels that transport blood from arteries to veins within the body. Also serve as the location for the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, fluid, and nutrients with in the body.
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Circulatory system
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How does the heart work?
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Oxygenated blood enters into the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava. The blood travels into the right atrium and, during contraction of the atrium, flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. The blood is pushed through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery and lungs when the right ventrical contracts. Here, it picks up oxygen. The oxygenated blood is then carried back to the heart (by the pulmonary veins), into the left atrium, through the mitral valve, and into the left ventricle. Contraction of the left ventricle forces the blood through the aortic valve, through the aorta, and out to the entire body.
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Circulatory system
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Heart consists of four chambers:
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the right and left atriums and the right and left ventricles. It also has four valves that prevent the flow of blood back into the heart's chambers after a contraction. The valves include the tricuspid and pulmonary on the right side of the heart and the mitral and aortic on the left side of the heart.
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Circulatory system
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Lungs
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Breathing in oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide
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Respiratory system
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Trachea
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airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tubes; also known as the windpipe
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Respiratory system
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Bronchial tubes
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Small respiratory passages that connect the trachea to the lungs
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Respiratory system
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Cilia
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tiny hairs in the bronchial tubes that keep the airway clear by removing unwanted matter from the lungs
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(hair) Respiratory system
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Alveoli
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Structure in the lungs that permits the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to occur
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Respiratory system
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Diaphram
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Dome-shaped muscle located immediately below the lungs that stimulates inhalation and exhalation by contracting and relaxing
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Respiratory system
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Inspiration
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Act of breathing in oxygenated air
(the diaphragm is contracted) |
Respiratory system
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Expiration
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Act of exhaling carbon dioxide from the body
(the diaphragm is relaxed) |
Respiratory system
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Peristalsis
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rhythmic contractions of the stomach and intestines that propel food toward the colon and anus
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digestive system
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Digestion
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mechanical and chemical breakdown of fooods
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digestive system
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Enzymes
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protein catalyst; chemical that changes the rate of a chemical reaction in living tissue without it self being chemically altered; a chemical that breaks down proteins, carbohydrates, and fasts into nutrients that can be absorbed through the wall of the intestine into the bloodstream
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digestive system
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pyloric sphincter
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muscle that separates the stomach from the duodenum and slowly releases chyme from the stomach into the small intestine (duodenum)
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digestive system
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chyme
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mixture of food, chemicals, and enzymes in the stomach
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digestive system
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duodenum
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first section of the small intestine
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digestive system
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villi
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finger-like projections in the mucosa of the small intestine lining; produce a pleated appearance; each villus is supplied with blood and has lymphatic vessels for absorption
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digestive system
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microvilli
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microscopic projections of tissues that make up the villi
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digestive system
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Central nervous system
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branch of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord
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Nervous system
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Peripheral nervous system
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branch of the nervous system that extends outside of the central nervous system and consists of the cranial and spinal nerves
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Nervous system
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Autonomic nervous system
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branch of the peripheral nervous system that controls automatic body functions like heartbeat and digestion
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Nervous system
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Sympathetic nerves
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branch of the autonomic nervous system that is activated when a person is excited or scared
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Nervous system
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Parasympathetic nerves
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branch of the autonomic nervous system that is active when a person is eating or at rest
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Nervous system
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Sensory-somatic nervous system
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part of the peripheral nervous system that consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves, and associated ganglia; controls voluntary actions of the body
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Nervous system
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Ganglia
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collection of nerve cell bodies
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Nervous system
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Dendrites
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branched extensions of the neuron that receive impulses (electric messages) from other neurons and stimuli
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Nervous system
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Neurons
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specialized cells that make up the nervous system and transmit electrical impulses
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Nervous system
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axon
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part of the nerve cell that carries impulses away from the cell body and connects one neuron with another neuron over a synapse
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Nervous system
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synapse
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fluid-filled gap that connects the axon of one nerve cell with the cell body of another
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Nervous system
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stimuli
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a thing or event that evokes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue
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Nervous system
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sensory neurons
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neurons that carry messages from sense organs to the brain and spinal cord
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Nervous system
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reflex
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automatic response to a stimulus that occurs when neurons transmit a message to the spinal cord, which in turn sends a message back to the muscles to react before the message is transmitted to the brain
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Nervous system
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effectors
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glans and muscles that are innervated and extend away from the spinal cord
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Nervous system
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immune system
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tissues, cells, and organs that work together to fight off illness and disease
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Immune system
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pathogens
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any disease-causing agent
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Immune system
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phagocytosis
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engulfing of pathogens by white blood cells
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Immune system
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perforins
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pore-forming protein
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Immune system
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interferons
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protein that inhibits the reproduction o a virus
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Immune system
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lyse
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Latin word for break; used in biology and chemistry to mean rupture or destruction of the cell membrane, a cell structure, or a molecule
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Immune system
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Lysosome
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Organelle containing digestive enzymes capable of disposing of cellular debris and worn cellular parts
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Think "Lysol" cleans away debris
Immune system |
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chemotaxis
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release of chemicals by damaged cells that attract white blood cells
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Immune system
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leukocytes
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white blood cells
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Immune system
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cytokines
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chemical messengers that are released by damaged tissues
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Immune system
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diapedesis
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process of white blood cells squeezing through the capillary slits in response to cytokines
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Immune system
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antibodies
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protein produced by a B cell in response to an antigen
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Immune system
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antigen
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a foreign protein, such as a pathogen, that stimulates antibody production
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Immune system
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vaccine
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inactivated form of a pathogen that stimulates the body to produce antibodies for future protection
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Immune system
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B cells
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type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies in response to antigens; responsible for humoral immunity
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Immune system
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T cell
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lymphocyte that is responsible for cellular immuntiy
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Immune system
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What kinda of immunity is produced by vaccine?
A) Naturally acquired passive immunity B) Artificially acquired passive immunity C) Naturally acquired active immunity D) Artificially acquired active immunity |
D) Vaccines provide an artificial source (as compared to a natural source that comes from actually having a disease) of active immunity that stimulates antibody and memory cell production.
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Immune System
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Which of the following are released by damaged cells in an effort to draw white blood cells to the area of damage?
A) Phagocytes B) Cytokines C) Interferons D) Leukocytes |
B) Damaged tissue releases cytokines, which attract white blood cells to the area of infection or injury.
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Immune System
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What is the physiological benefit of a mild to moderate fever?
A) Warns individual that body is under attack by a pathogen B) Stimulates release of macro-phages C) Decreased metabolism D) Enhances destruction of pathogens |
D) The warm body temperature that occurs during a fever accelerates the destruction of pathogens and increases the activity of white blood cells.
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Immune System
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Fertility Rates
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Refers to the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years, which occur between the ages of 15 and 44
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Birth rates & Fertility rates
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Fertility rates are higher in which of the following types of countries?
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Fertility rates are higher in less-developed countries due to higher infant and child mortality rates.
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Birth rates & Fertility rates
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Crude birth rate
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is defined by the number of births per 1,000 people per year
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Crude death rate
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is defined by the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year
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Immigration
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is the act of an individual moving into a region or country to live
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"I" for "IN"
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Emigration
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is the act of an individual moving out of one region or country to live in another
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"E" is for "OUT" (think of "end"
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