Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
209 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
label skin pic
|
on powerpoint
|
|
|
function of oil gland
|
prevents hair from drying out, keeps skin soft, inhibits growth of certain bacteria, connected to hair follicle
|
|
|
function of sweat gland and location
|
located deep in dermis and opens up through pores on skins surface
|
|
|
function of hair follicle
|
protect skin from injury; insulation
|
|
|
functino of erector pili muscle and location
|
attached to hair follicle and contracts to make the hair "stand" if scared or cold
|
|
|
what makes up the exterior of epidermis
|
25-30 layers of dead cells that are continuously shed. the cells contain keratin
|
|
|
what makes up the interior of epidermis
|
livign cells that divide and replace the dead cells; cells contain melanin which gives skin its colo
|
|
|
what is the name of the pigment that ives the skin tis color and protects it form sun damage
|
melanin
|
|
|
explain the healing process of skin
|
-when the dermis is harmed, blood flows and will clot
-a scab forms over the wound to prevent microbes from entering the boyd -white blood cells fight infection and flow to wound site -skin cells under teh scab begin to undergo mitosis and fill in the gap -scab falls off and exposes newly formed skin *a large wound is closed by dense connective tissu and may leae a scar |
|
|
what are the 4 functions of the integumentary system
|
-helps regulate internal body temperature
-functiosn as a sense organ (pain, pressure, temperatreure) -produces vitamin d and heps absorb calcium into the bloodstream -protects underlying tissues from physical and chemical damage or microbes |
|
|
what are the 2 main parts of the skeleton
|
axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton |
|
|
axial skeleton
|
skull, vertebral column, ribs, ad the sternum
|
|
|
appendicular skeleton
|
arm and leg bones, shoulder and hip bones, wrists ankles hands and feet
|
|
|
label skeleton
|
on apper
|
|
|
red marrow
|
produces red and white blood cells and cell fragments; invovled in clotting
|
|
|
where can you find red marrow
|
in humerus, femur, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, and pelvis
|
|
|
yellow marrow
|
consists of fat cells
*in cases of severe blood loss, the body can convert yellow back to re marrow to increase blood cell production |
|
|
osteoblast
|
potential bbone cells
|
|
|
osteocyte
|
when the osteoblasts are hardened by calcium an dsalts
|
|
|
joint
|
found hwere 2 ones meet
|
|
|
ligament
|
attach bones to one another
|
|
|
tendon
|
attach muscles to bones
|
|
|
4 types of joints
|
ball and socket
pivot hinge gliding |
|
|
ball and socket
|
allow movement in all directions (hips and shoulders)
|
|
|
pivot
|
allow bones to twist around each otehr (radius and ulna)
|
|
|
hinge
|
allow back and forth movement (elbows and knees)
|
|
|
gliding
|
allow bones to slide past each other (wrists and ankles)
|
|
|
5 function sof skeletal system
|
-provies a framework of structure and support
-protects internal organs -provices attachment oints for muscles, allowing for efficient body movement -produces blood cells -stores minerals such as calcium and phosphate |
|
|
what are the 3 types of muscle tissue
|
smooth, cardiac, skeletal
|
|
|
where can you find smooth muscle
|
found in walls of internal organs and blood vessels
|
|
|
what is smooth muscle made of
|
spindle shaped fibers
|
|
|
what is the function of smooth muscle
|
to squeeze
|
|
|
is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary
|
involuntary
|
|
|
where is cardiac muscle found
|
in meart
|
|
|
what is cardiac muscle made of
|
stripes
|
|
|
what does cardiac muscle do
|
conduct electrical impulses
|
|
|
is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary
|
involuntary
|
|
|
where is skeletal msucle found
|
attached to bones
|
|
|
what does skeletal muscle do
|
moves bones
|
|
|
is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary
|
voluntary
|
|
|
what does it mean for muscles ot have opposing functions
|
while one mucle is contracted the other is relaxed
|
|
|
label picture
|
on packet
|
|
|
what is the sliding filament theory
|
-nerve cells signals the muscle
-actin filaments within each sarcomere slide toward one another, shortening the fibers -muscle contracts -myosin filaments do not move |
|
|
label muscle picture
|
on packt
|
|
|
is mouth mechanical chemical or both
|
both
|
|
|
incisors do what
|
cut
|
|
|
cuspids/canines do what
|
tear or shred
|
|
|
molars do what
|
crush and grind
|
|
|
what does the mouth's saliva do
|
it has amylase which breaks down starches into mono or disacharrides
|
|
|
what does the tongue do in the mouth
|
positions food
|
|
|
what is the epiglottis
|
a flap of cartilage that closes the opening fot he respiratory tract as you swallow, preventing food from entering the lungs and sending it to the esophogus
|
|
|
what is the esophagus
|
the muscular tube that connects the mouth to the staomch
|
|
|
how doe sfood move through the esophagus
|
by peristalsis
|
|
|
what is peristalsis
|
involuntary contractiosn of smooth muscle
|
|
|
what does the tongue do for the esophagus
|
shape a ball of food and send it to the back of the throat
|
|
|
is stomach mechanical chemical or both
|
both
|
|
|
what do the stomach wals have
|
3 cross linked layers of involuntary muscle
|
|
|
what happens when the stomach muscles contract
|
they physically break down the food into smaller pieces
|
|
|
what does the inner linign fo the stomach have
|
gastric juices
|
|
|
what is in the gastric juices
|
enzyme pepsin and hydrochloric acid
|
|
|
what is the ph of gastric jucie
|
2
|
|
|
what protects the walls from gastric juice
|
mucus
|
|
|
how long doe sfood reamin in the stomach
|
2 to four hours
|
|
|
what is the consiistency of food when ti leaves the stomach
|
tomato soup
|
|
|
where does peristasis force the liquid food
|
small intestine
|
|
|
how many meters is the small intestine in length
|
6 meters
|
|
|
why is it called the small intestine
|
because the diameter is 2.5 cm
|
|
|
what is the small intestine lined with
|
villi
|
|
|
what is villi
|
hair like projectsions that help abosorb the digested food and allow it to enter the bloodstream
|
|
|
what are the 3 sectiions of the small intestien
|
duodenum
jejunum ileum |
|
|
what does the pancrase do
|
releases enzymes that break down carbs, proteins, fats
|
|
|
what does the liver do
|
produces bile which helps break downf ats
|
|
|
what does the gallbladder do
|
stores the bile produced by the lier and passes it to the duodenum
|
|
|
after how many hours does indigestible material go to the large intestine
|
3 to 5 hours
|
|
|
what is the large intestine also calle
|
colon
|
|
|
how long is the colon
|
1.5 meters
|
|
|
how thick in diameter is the colon
|
6.5 cm
|
|
|
what does teh colon have that synthesize B vitamins
|
anaerobic bacteria
|
|
|
what is the appendix
|
an extension of the large intestine that currently serves no function
|
|
|
what is absorbed by the colon leaving a solid material
|
water and salts
|
|
|
after how many hours is feces released through the rectum
|
18 to 24
|
|
|
where does feces leave the rectum through
|
the anus
|
|
|
how long does a meal's journey take
|
24 to 33 hours
|
|
|
what are the 2 main parts of the nervous system
|
central and peripheral
|
|
|
what does the central nervous system contain
|
brain spinal cord and coordinates of all yoru bodies activites
|
|
|
what does the peripheral system consist of
|
all the nerves that carry messges to and from teh CNS
|
|
|
what do the 2 systems do together
|
respond to stimuli from teh external environment
|
|
|
what is the peripheral system split into
|
somatic and autonomic
|
|
|
what does the somatic system do
|
relays info between teh CNS and your muscles
|
|
|
is the stimulus in somatic voluntary or involuntary
|
voluntary
|
|
|
what could the involuntary stimulus of the somatic be
|
a reflex
|
|
|
what is a reflex
|
an unconscious response to stimulus
|
|
|
what does the autonomic system do
|
carries impulses form the CNS to yoru internal organs
|
|
|
are the responses form autnonomic voluntary or involuntary
|
involuntary
|
|
|
what does the sympathetic nervous system do
|
controls organs in times of stress
|
|
|
what does the parasymathetic nervous system do
|
controls organs when the body is at rest
|
|
|
what are the 2 next branches of the peripheral
|
somatic and autonomic
|
|
|
what are the next 2 branches of the autnonmic nervous sytem
|
sympathetic and parasympathetic
|
|
|
label brain picture
|
on packet
|
|
|
what is the cerebrum split into
|
2 hemispheres
|
|
|
what are the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum connected by
|
bundle of nerves
|
|
|
what does the cerebrum control
|
all conscious activities
-memory, intelligence, language, senses, and skeletal muscle movement |
|
|
what is the cerebral cortex
|
outer surface of the cerebrum
|
|
|
what is the cerebral cortex made of
|
gray matter
|
|
|
what does the cerebrum contain
|
folds
|
|
|
what do the folds increase
|
surface area
|
|
|
where is the cerebellum located
|
back of the brain
|
|
|
what does the cerebellum control
|
balance, posture, and coordination
|
|
|
what does injury to cerebellum possibly lead to
|
restricted muslce movement
|
|
|
what is the brain stem made outo f
|
pons and midbrain
|
|
|
what does the medulla oblongata control
|
involuntary activies (breathing, heart rate, etc.)
|
|
|
what do the pons and midbran act as
|
pathways connecting various parts of the brain with each other
|
|
|
label nerve cell pic
|
on paper
|
|
|
what are the 3 categories of neurons
|
sensory
interneurons motor |
|
|
what does a neuron do
|
conducts electrical impulses throughout the body
|
|
|
what are the 3 parts of a neuron
|
cell body
dendrites axon |
|
|
what are dendrites
|
branchlike extensions tha treceive impulses and carry them toward the cell body
|
|
|
what is an axon
|
an extension of the neuron that carries impulses away from teh cellb ody and toward other neurons
|
|
|
sensory neurons
|
carry implullses fro the body to the spinal cord or brain
|
|
|
interneurons
|
within the brain and spinal cord; pass response impulses to motor neurons
|
|
|
motor neurons
|
carry the response impulses awy from the brain and spinal cord to a muscle or gland
|
|
|
a nerve cell at rest is said to be what
|
polarized
|
|
|
neuron membranes are more permeable to what
|
potassium
|
|
|
what does the sodium potassium pump do
|
uses atp to pump 3 sodium ions out for every 2 potassium in
|
|
|
what does the sodium potassium pump do
|
make the outside of the cell more positive and the inside is more negative creating a polar cell
|
|
|
what excites a neuron
|
a stimulus
|
|
|
when the neuron is excited what rushes into the cell leading to a what charge
|
sodium rushes in creating a positively charged inside
|
|
|
that change is a charge called what
|
depolarization
|
|
|
depolarization moves down the what like a wave
|
axon
|
|
|
neurons lie how
|
end to end
|
|
|
what is the gap between neurons called
|
synapse
|
|
|
most axons are covered by what
|
myelin sheath
|
|
|
what is myelin sheath adn what does it do
|
it is a white covering and insultes the axona nd prevents movement of inos across the plasma membrrane
|
|
|
what is white matter
|
the mass of axons in teh brain and spinal cord that have myelin sheaths
|
|
|
what is gray matter
|
the mass of axons without the myelin sheath
|
|
|
what is the negative feedback system like
|
a home thermostat
|
|
|
what does the negative feedback system do/work
|
-the body recognizes a need for hormones and their efefcts, and signals the gland to release it
-once the body detects the hormones or their effects, the body no longer stimulates the gland it stops releasing the hormon |
|
|
where is the pituitary gland found and what is one hormone it makes
|
main gland of the system; located in the skull just beneath the hypothalamus, produces human growth hormone
|
|
|
where is the thyroid and list one hormone
|
produces thyroxin and is foundbelow the adam's apple
|
|
|
where is the parathyroid located and list one hormone
|
produces parathyroid homrone and 4 glands are located in the neck, behind the thyroid gland
|
|
|
where is adrenal gland and what is one hormone
|
produces aldosterone and is found ontop of the kidneys
|
|
|
what does the adrenal cortex hormone make
|
glucocorticoid and aldosterone
|
|
|
what does the adrenal medulla secret
|
epinephrine and norepinephrine
|
|
|
where are ovaries and one hormone
|
estrogen and found in female reproductive system
|
|
|
whre are testes and oen hormone
|
testosterone an found in male reproductuve system
|
|
|
label respiratory system
|
on paper
|
|
|
how many lobes does each lung have
|
right-3
left-2 |
|
|
what is the pathway of air
|
-taken through mouth or nose and enters pharynx
-passes apiglottis and enters larynx -travels down trachea where it reaches 2 bronchi which lead to lungs -bronchi branch into bronchioles which turn branch into microsocpic tubules that open into thousands of thinw alled air saces called alveoli -alveoli surrounded by blood vessels (capialries) |
|
|
what are alveoli
|
sacs of the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged by diffusion between the air and blood
|
|
|
what ist he diaphragm
|
sheet of muscle that rests below the lungs, separating the chest and abdominal cavities
|
|
|
what is the action of the cilia
|
to prevent materials from reaching the lungs and such thae cells secrete mucus; the cilia beat upward tward the throat which can lead the foreign materials to be swallowed or expelled through coughing or sneezing
|
|
|
how does smoking affect the lungs
|
nictoine paralyzes cilia and constricts blood vessels
-the cilia cleans the air we breathe so when they aren't working right tar and other hazardosu chemicals enter the alveoli -blood vessels contstrict, resulting in impaired gas exchange -it can lead to chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and cancer |
|
|
what is the action of the diaphragm
|
enbales yout o breathe in and out
|
|
|
what happens when you inhale
|
the muscles between yoru ribs contract and the rib cage rises
|
|
|
what happens to the diaphragm when you inahel
|
contracts, becomes flattened and moves lower in chest cavity which leaves more space in chest caity and air rushes into your lungs
|
|
|
what happens when you exhale
|
the rib muscles relax dropping the ribs down in the chest cavity
|
|
|
what happens to the diaphragm when you exhale
|
it relaxes, returning to its resting position
|
|
|
what is the almost size yof your heart
|
the fist
|
|
|
what is the characteristic soudn the heart makes
|
lub dub
|
|
|
wha tis the lub
|
strong push
|
|
|
what is the dub
|
reloading push
|
|
|
what makes body parts fall asleep
|
when your blood vessels and nervosu get squeezed
|
|
|
what happens when the right side of your heart squeezes
|
sends blood to teh lungs where it gets oxygen and turns red
|
|
|
what happens when the left side of the heart squeezes
|
sends blood to all other parts of the body
|
|
|
what are the 2 main types of blood cells
|
red and white
|
|
|
there is ___ WBC for every _____ RBCs
|
1 for every 1,000
|
|
|
WBC lives for ____ while RBCs live for ___
|
2 weeks and 4 mouths
|
|
|
what are the 3 types of blood vessels
|
arteries
veins capilarries |
|
|
what do arteries do
|
taek blood from the heart
|
|
|
what do veins do
|
bring blood back to the heart
|
|
|
what do capilarries do
|
connect arteries and veins
|
|
|
what 3elements is blood composed of
|
blood cells
platelets plasma |
|
|
what are platelets
|
cell fragemnts that help blood clot
|
|
|
what is plasma
|
the fluid portion of the blood
|
|
|
how much percent does plasma make up of blood
|
55%
|
|
|
what is hemoglobin
|
a protein molecule that ocntains iron which binds to oxygen
|
|
|
whta do artieres taper into
|
arterioles
|
|
|
what are arterioles
|
smaller blood vessels
|
|
|
capillaries lead to small what
|
venules
|
|
|
what do venules lead to
|
larger veins
|
|
|
mammals have how many chambers in their hearts
|
4
2 upper chambers called atria 2 lower chambers called ventricles |
|
|
blood enters the heart through what
|
atria
|
|
|
what oes the right atria recive
|
oxygen poor blood from the head and body through 2 vena cavae
|
|
|
what does the left atrium recieve
|
oxygen rich blood from the lungs through 4 pulmonary veins
|
|
|
what happens when the atria contract
|
pushes blood down the 2 ventricles
|
|
|
where does the right venticle push the oxygen poor blood to
|
the lungs through pulmonary artieres
|
|
|
where does the left ventricule pum oxygen rich blood
|
the body tissues through the larges blood vessel in the body- the aorta
|
|
|
what is the function of a pacemaker
|
a bundle of nerves at the top of the right atrium that controls the heart rate by sending impulses for th atria to contract
-triggers another set of neurons at the base of the right atrium that makes the ventricles contract |
|
|
tonsils
what are thye and function |
-lage clusters of lymph tissue located in the back of the throat.
-protect nasal and oral cavities against bacteria and other pathogens |
|
|
spleen
what is it and function |
stores lymphocytes
-filters out and destroys bacteria na dworn out RBCs -doesn ot filter lymph |
|
|
lymph nodes
what are they and function |
small masses of tissue that contains lymphocytes and filters pathogens from the lymph
-they're a type of WBC that defends the body against foreign substances |
|
|
lymph veins
what are they and what do they do |
they are veins in which the lymph tissue fluid is circulated thorugh the system
|
|
|
thymus gland
what is it and what does it do |
-located above the heart
-stores immature lymphocytes until they mature and are released into the immune system |
|
|
label lymphatic system
|
on paper
|
|
|
function of kidneys
|
filter blood and remove wastes
|
|
|
function of ureters
|
tubes that connect the kidney to the urinary bladder
|
|
|
funciton of bladdr
|
smooth muscle sakc that stores solution of wastes
|
|
|
function of urethra
|
tube that connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
|
|
|
label female urinary system
|
on paper
|
|
|
what are som eof the functions of the urinary system
|
-rids yoru body of wates, including ammonia and urea which are both toxic
-controls the level of sodium in blood by absorbing and reabosrbing ions -regulates the pH of the blood by filtering out hydrogen ions and lalowing bicarbonate to be reasorbed back into the blood -you can test urine for abnormalities to diagnose diseases or test for drugs |
|
|
label boy parts
|
on paper
|
|
|
label sperm
|
on paper
|
|
|
label boy insid
|
paper
|
|
|
label girl inside
|
paper
|
|
|
label girl part
|
paper
|
|
|
what is ovulation
|
during meisosi II, an egg cell ruptures from the ovary ad enters the oviduct
-remainign follicle in ovary develops into corpus luteum -secretes estrogen and progesterone that prepare sthe uterus to recieve a fertilized egg |
|
|
what is the endometrium
|
the lining of the uterus
|
|
|
what are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle
|
flow phase: 5 days; endometrium is shed
fallicular phase: 6-14 days; follicles mature in the ovary luteal phase - about 13 days; corpus lueteum develops, secretes progesterone and the endometrium prepares for a fertilized egg |
|
|
where does the fetus develop
|
the uterus
|
