Human Biology Test 1

Front 1

macromolecules

Back 1

Large molecules composed of smaller organic molecules.

Front 2

Carbohydrates

Back 2

Sugars. Fuel and cell building materials

Front 3

Lipids

Back 3

Fats. Energy and cellular membranes. Hormones

Front 4

Proteins

Back 4

Many structures and many functions – support, enzymes,
transmit and receive signals

Front 5

Nucleic Acids

Back 5

DNA and RNA. Transmit hereditary information

Front 6

Carbon

Back 6

All living organisms are made up of chemicals based mostly on the element carbon

Front 7

Carbon Chains

Back 7

Carbon chains
Form the skeletons of organic molecules
Vary in length and shape

Front 8

Condensation Reactions

Back 8

Called this because a water molecule is removed every time, a new molecular unit is added to the macromolecule

Front 9

Hydrolysis Reactions

Back 9

Called this because a water molecule is added to molecules resulting from breaking macromolecule

Front 10

Carbohydrates

Back 10

Carbohydrates consist of the sugars (Glucose, fructose, ribose, etc.) and their polymers

Front 11

Monosaccharides

Back 11

Are the simplest sugars, Can be used for fuel – glucose major fuel in cell, Can be converted into other organic molecules, Can be combined into larger sugars

Front 12

Polysaccharides

Back 12

thousands of monosaccharides joined in chains and branches

Front 13

Amino Acid

Back 13

Basic unit of a protein. Twenty used to make all human proteins. Same basic structure, but each differs in its R-group, which gives each amino acid its unique properties

Front 14

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Back 14

A nucleotide with three phosphate groups. Potential energy stored in phosphates is used by cells to supply energy for virtually all chemical reactions

Front 15

Enzyme

Back 15

a catalyst that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Front 16

Lipids

Back 16

Diverse group of hydrophobic molecules

Front 17

Fats

Back 17

constructed from a glycerol molecule and three long fatty acids (triglyceride). Can be saturated – all carbons bonded to hydrogen to form linear chains, or unsaturated – double bonds cause kinks in chain making chain nonlinear.

Front 18

Phospholipids

Back 18

Glycerol attached to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. Primary component of cell membrane

Front 19

Steroids

Back 19

Lipids found in cell membranes and as a backbone for steroid hormones.

Front 20

Nucleic Acid – Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA).

Back 20

Store and transmit the hereditary information in all organisms.

Front 21

Nucleotide

Back 21

Molecular subunit, consisting of a sugar, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group, that makes up the nucleic acids

Front 22

Organic Compound

Back 22

Compound containing carbon. Can be small, like CO2, or huge, like a protein

Front 23

Peptide Bond

Back 23

Bond between amino acids in a protein

Front 24

four levels to protein structure

Back 24

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

Front 25

Primary

Back 25

The amino acid sequence of the polypeptide

Front 26

Secondary

Back 26

Coiling or folding of the polypeptide chain into a helix or sheet

Front 27

Tertiary

Back 27

Folding of protein upon itself to make a globular structure

Front 28

Quaternery

Back 28

The aggregation of two or more polypeptides to make one large protein

Front 29

Atom

Back 29

Smallest particle of an element that exhibits the properties of that element. Atoms are composed of neutrons (Neutral, in nucleus), protons (Positive charge, in nucleus) and electrons (Negative charge, orbit nucleus).

Front 30

Atomic Mass

Back 30

The sum of protons and neutrons

Front 31

Atomic Number

Back 31

Number of protons in an atom of an element. Is unique to each element and is usually balanced by an equal number of electrons

Front 32

Buffer

Back 32

Substance that minimizes changes, usually referring to pH changes, works by binding or releasing hydrogen ions

Front 33

Chemical Bond

Back 33

Joining of two atoms to form a molecule

Front 34

Hydrogen Bond

Back 34

A weak chemical bond between oppositely charged regions of molecules that contain hydrogen atoms

Front 35

Ionic Bond

Back 35

Moderately strong bond between two oppositely charged ions

Front 36

Covalent Bond

Back 36

Strong bond resulting from the sharing of electrons between two atoms

Front 37

Compound

Back 37

A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio

Front 38

Condensation Reaction

Back 38

Reaction by which macromolecules form from smaller molecules. Also
called a Dehydration reaction because a water molecule is removed

Front 39

Element

Back 39

One of a limited number of unique types of matter that make up all substances. Elements combine to form compounds

Front 40

Hydrophilic

Back 40

Water loving. Substances not repelled by water

Front 41

Hydrophilic

Back 41

Water fearing. Substances repelled by water, like fats

Front 42

Ion

Back 42

An atom or molecule with a positive or a negative charge

Front 43

Isotope

Back 43

Different atomic forms of the same element which vary only in the number of neutrons they contain. Some isotopes are radioactive

Front 44

Macromolecule

Back 44

Large molecules composed of smaller organic molecules. Four general types in living organisms.

Front 45

Matter

Back 45

The material substance, composed of elements, that makes up the natural world. Matter takes up space and has weight

Front 46

Saturated Fats

Back 46

Saturated fat chains are straight, so they can pack together very tightly. Most animal fats are saturated. Saturated fats are solids at room temperature

Front 47

Unsaturated fats

Back 47

Double bonds cause kinks in
chain that prevent the molecule from packing tightly
enough to form a solid at room
temperature.

Plant and fish fats are
unsaturated, so are liquid at room temperature
Called Oils

Front 48

What do phospholipids have?

Back 48

Have only two fatty acids attached to glycerol

Front 49

Isotopes

Back 49

atoms of same element that differ in the number of neutrons

Front 50

Ionic Bonds

Back 50

can form when two atoms are so unequal in their attraction for electrons that one atom strips an electron completely from the other

Front 51

Water Molecules are?

Back 51

Polar

Front 52

Surface Tension

Back 52

Is a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid

Front 53

Bicarbonate (HCO3-) and Carbonic acid (H2CO3)

Back 53

make an important buffer pair in human blood