Human Biology Study Guide

Front 1

1. List 4 functions of bones

Back 1

Movement, structure, support, protection.

Front 2

2. Bones are categorized into 4 categories (according to their structure)

Back 2

Flat-skull frontal bone, irregular-coxal, long-femur, short-phalanges.

Front 3

3. What type of bone makes up long bones & where in the long bone do you find it?

Back 3

Spongy bone, in the diaphysis.

Front 4

5. Name 2 types of cartilage & an example of each

Back 4

Hyaline-
Cartilage-

Front 5

8. What is the function of mature Osteoblast (Osteocyte), & what happens in their absence?

Back 5

They mineralize the osteiod matrix

Front 6

9. What hormones control Bone Devlopment & Growth in:

Back 6

a. Childhood- growth
b. Puberty- sex

Front 7

11. What is Osteoporosis? (include whats wrong in the condition)

Back 7

There is an imbalance between the osteoblast and osteoclast. More bone is being destroyed than developed.

Front 8

13. What makes up the Axial & the Appendicular Skeleton?

Back 8

Axial- skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum.
Appendicular- limbs,

Front 9

14. What is Sinusitis? (include its symptoms, & cause)

Back 9

The sinuses are inflamed and mucus gets trapped inside causing sinus headache.

Front 10

16. VC is divided into many sections, name all the sections & include how many vertebrae are in each section

Back 10

Cervical-7, thoracic- 12, lumbar- 5, saccrum-5 fused, coccyx- 4 fused

Front 11

17. What is the function of a Intervertebral Disk & what is it composed of?

Back 11

To absorb shock and cushion the bones. Made of fibro-cartilage.

Front 12

18. What is a Herniated Disk? (include its symptoms, cause & treatment)

Back 12

A displacement of a vertebral disk.

Front 13

19. Name 2 types of joints & an example of each

Back 13

Fibrous- skull
Cartiligous- sternum
Synovial- Shoulder

Front 14

23. What Filaments are found in a Sarcomere

Back 14

Thick and thin.

Front 15

24. Muscle contraction is dependent on the interaction between what filaments?

Back 15

Thick and thin

Front 16

29. Once one cycle of contraction ends (when a ATP binds to myosin & causes the thin & thick filaments to separate), what happens if:
a. Calcium is still present

b. No calcium is present

Back 16

A. The cycle continues.
B. The muscle cell rest

Front 17

30. How does the Action Potential generated on a muscle travel to the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Back 17

Through T Tubules

Front 18

32. Muscle ells needs ATP for contraction, its able to stores ATP for 10 sec of work; after that from where do they get the ATP (3 different sources)?

Back 18

Creatin Phosphate, glycogen, aerobic metabolism of glucose.

Front 19

34. How many types of Skeletal muscle fibers are there, & what are they called?

Back 19

2.
fast twitch and slow twitch.

Front 20

36. Know the speed of contraction (not excat # but in order from fastest – slowest) of the 3 muscle types

Back 20

Fastest, skeletal, cardiac, smooth.

Front 21

38. Myasthenia Gravis (know whats the problem in the Disease & how it effects the normal process, its symptoms & its treatment)

Back 21

a neuromuscular disorder characterized by variable weakness of voluntary muscles, which often improves with rest and worsens with activity. The condition is caused by an abnormal immune response

Front 22

Tetanus (know whats the problem in the Disease & how it effects the normal process

Back 22

a medical condition characterized by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers.

Front 23

40. Muscular Dystrophy ( know whats the problem in the Disease & how it effects the normal process & its symptoms

Back 23

muscle weakness and loss of muscle tissue

Front 24

41. Function of blood can be categorized into 3 categories, give 2 of these categories & an example of each

Back 24

Transportation and protection.

Front 25

42. Tell me 2 type of proteins found in plasma & for each of the protein tell one of its function

Back 25

Albumins- create oncotic pressure.
Fibrinogens- blood coagulation.

Front 26

Bilirubin:

Back 26

Found in hemoglobin

Front 27

45. What is the life span of RBCs, where & what kills them & what is released once RBCs are killed?

Back 27

120. Liver and spleen.

Front 28

. Name the 2 categories WBCs are categorized into & give me one WBC found in each category & a characteristic of that WBC

Back 28

Granulocytes- Neutrophils – Most abundant & 1st to combat infection

Agranulocytes- Lymphocytes - contain b and t cells.

Front 29

are the 4 stages that occur during blood clotting?

Back 29

1. Vessel Injury
2. Vascular Spasm
3. Platelet plug formation
4. Clot Formation

Front 30

50. What is the function of Prothrombin Activator & what is need for it to function?

Back 30

Prothrombin Activator – released from platelets & converts Prothrombin to thrombin (requires Ca)

Front 31

51. What is the function of Thrombin & Fibrin?

Back 31

Thrombin – converts fibrinogen to fibrin

Fibrin – Wraps around the platelet plug &holds it in place

Front 32

52. What happens after the initial fibrin clot is formed?

Back 32

Platelets in clot contract → clot tightens & vessel ends are pulled together

Front 33

54. We have 5 types / classes of Antibodies, give me their names / classes

Back 33

igM, igE, igD, igG, igA.
GAMED

Front 34

55. What is Erytheroblastis fetalis

Back 34

Occurs when the mother and fetus have different blood types. THe mothers body attacks the fetus.