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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Liver
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produces bile (water and electrolytes, cholesterol, bile salts, and lethin)
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Mouth
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-mechanical breakdown
-digestion begins -enzyme in saliva that digests carbohydrates |
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Esophagus
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-muscular tube
-smooth muscle -esophagus connects to the stomach -acid reflux |
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Peristalsis
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push food down
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Stomach
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-food storage
-pH of 2 (acid) -lined in mucus -mucus protects -digestion of proteins -regulates rate of delivery |
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Small intestines
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-villi
-folds in intestines -absorption of proteins -small molecules -digestions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids -fat is harder to digest |
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Accessory organs aid the small intestines
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-liver
-gall bladder -pancreas |
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Pancreas
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-produces digestive enzymes
-produces a neutralizer |
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Liver
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-produces bile
-cover fat molecules (emulsification) |
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Gall Bladder
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stores bile
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What are the proteins?
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amino acids-carbs
monosachrides-lipids |
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What is olestra?
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-pretend fat molecules, 7 fatty acid tails
-it tastes like fat -it can cause digestive problems |
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what are ulcers?
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-breaking in lining of stomach or small intestines
-mucus gets bypassed -bacterial infection -cure with antibiotics |
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Pancreas and blood sugar
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-glucagon(Up blood sugar)
-insulin(down blood sugar) |
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Normal blood sugar levels
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-it rises after you eat it then it goes lower then the insulin kicks in
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What is diabetes?
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It's a disease in which blood sugars levels tend to be high.
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Type I Diabetes
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-not common, less than 10%
-juvinile, autoimmune disorder -their immune system attacks the pancreas -deficient insuline production |
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Type II-Diabetes
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-late onset/adult diabetes
-cells become resistant to insuline -blood sugar level gets out of wack -cells are resistant to insuline |
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What is the outcome from diabetes?
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-symptoms-peeing a lot, take blood sugar level, overweight, dizziness, blurred vision
long-term-heart disease, stroke, blindness, kidney disease, nervous system, circulation, amputation |
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What are some long term problems associated with low-carb diets
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-hard on kidney/liver
-high cholesterol |
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What are the parts to the uninary system
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2-kidney
-ureter(2)(ducts that close off) -bladder -urethra-leaves the body |
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Bladder
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stores urine
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Kidney
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filters the blood, pumps out urethra poetin, keeps the pH constant, monitors blood volume, Vitamin D, salt balance
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Problems with the urinary tract
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-kidney stones-stones get stuck in vessiles
-UTI's |
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Urethra
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-allows urine to leave the body
-it's much shorter in males which is why women get more -baceterial infections(E. Coli) |
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How many chromosomes are there in humans?
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-23 pairs
-23 from mom, 23 from dad -1 pair of sex chromosomes |
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Male and Female chromosomes
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xy-male-determines the sex
xx-female-has more of say if the kid will be bald or colorblind |
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Gonads
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-testes
-ovary |
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Gametes
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sperm
egg |
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Male Reproductive system
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-scrotum
-testes (2) -epididymis(2) -Vas Deferens(2) -Urethra -penis -glands (2pairs, 1 single) |
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Testes
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-tube sytem where sperm and testosterone is produced
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Epdidymis
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lie on top of the testes, where sperm is stored
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Vas deferens
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-ducts that lead away from the testes
-where sperm leaves the body -cuts off the sperm |
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Male cycle of testosterone
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highest in the morning-lower in the afternoon
-response to challenge -hourly fluctuation |
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Female reproduction structure
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-ovaries(2)
-fallopian tube(2) -uterus(1) cervix -vagina -volva(2) -clitoris |
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Ovary
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Estrogen is produced and eggs develope
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oviduct
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-where the egg gets released(fallopian tube)
-where egg gets fertilized |
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Uterus
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-where fertilized egg developes
-site of imlation |
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Uterus
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-where a fertilized egg developes
-site of implantation |
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Vagina
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birth canal
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Egg formation
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-eggs mature once a month
-ovluation is when eggs are released |
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Fate of the egg
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-leaves the body or reabsorbed
-fertilization |
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Fertilization
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-zygote-fertilized egg
-immplantation |
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Birth control
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sterilization-tubes tied(fallopian or Vas)
hormonal-pill, Nuva ring, patch Barrier-condom |
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Yeast infection
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-not usually sexually transmitted
-Fungus -normal flora leads to an infection -yogurt helps -itchiness adn redness can be a discharge |
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Trichomoniasis
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-protozoan
-infects the vagina -incubation-5 days to a few weeks -frothy discharge, irritation |
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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease(PID)
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-bacterial infection
-symptoms include fever, unsual vaginal discharge, painful intercourse or urination -causes infertility |
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Chlamydia
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-most common bacterial infection
-incubation: 1-3 weeks -burning during urination, discharge PID -most people have no symptoms |
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Gonorrhea
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-bacterial
-Incubation-2-6 weeks similar to Chlamydia and PID -can get into throat, eyes, meniges |
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Syphilis
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-bacterial
-sexually transmitted -incubation 3 weeks -3 stages -cardiovascular and dementia can happen later |
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What are the 3 stages of Syphilis?
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Primary-2-6 weeks
Secondary-several weeks later Tertiary-months to years |
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Herpes
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-Type I and II
-transmitted skin to skin -Incubation-few days-2 weeks -tingling and blisters, reoccuring outbreaks -incurable |
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Papilloma Virus (HPV)
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-over 30 viruses
-most common STI -skin to skin contact -incubation-1-3 months even years -less than 1% have symptoms -causes cervical cancer -no tests for men |
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HIV
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-Retrovirus
-transmission through sharing needles, sexual contact and blood transfusions |
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What does HIV target
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CD4 or Helper T cells
AIDS- <200 mm |
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What is biodiversity
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Diversity within and between all living things on this planet
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Why is biodiversity important?
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-human value-clothes, food, oxygen...
-Stewardship-given a gift of the world -spiritual and religios value -pyschological value |
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What threatens biodiversity?
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meteors, temperature changes, humans
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What are some problems humans pose?
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-introduction of species
-overexploitation-over-hunting and fishing pollution -habitat degredation -climate change causes changes to animals(ex. McDonalds) |