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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Bone? |
• A connective tissue
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What are the Functions of the skeleton? |
• Protection – internal organs • Support – posture & upright bipedalism • Movement - Attachment sites for muscles • Storage - of inorganic salts • Production - of cells (red & white blood cells, also megakaryocytes) |
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What is a diaphysis? |
• The shaft that makes up the majority of the length • Hollow cylinder of compact bone • Full of yellow bone marrow (fat storage) |
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What is the epiphysis? |
• The ends which are covered in articular cartilage • Outer layer of compact bone with spongy bone inner • Some contain red bone marrow for blood cell production |
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What is the periosteum? |
• connective tissue outer covering |
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What s the epiphyseal line? |
• line made of hyaline cartilage that becomes bone at puberty (ossification). • It allows the bone to grow until puberty. • When there is no cartilage left (all bone) puberty is complete. • Can be used to tell the age of people |
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What are the bones cells? |
• osteocytes |
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What are the small units of compact bones? |
• osteons |
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What does the central canal contain? |
• Nerves, blood vessels and lymph are in the central canal |
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What is lamellae? |
• Around the central canal are concentric layers of bony matrix |
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Where is lacunae? |
• In the lamellae are spaces |
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Where are osteocytes? |
They occupy the lacunae |
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What is canaliculi? |
• Tiny canals, canaliculi, run between the lacunae and are for the osteocytes to communicate |
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What is spongy bone also known as? |
Cancellous bone |
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What is trabeculae? |
• It is an irregular arrangement of bony plates |
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Where are osteocytes in the spongy bone? |
• they occupy spaces between the trabeculae |
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What is in the matrix? |
• Nerves, blood vessels and lymph meander through the spaces in the matrix |
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What are the two bone cells on the surface of the bone? |
• Osteoblasts – build bone (formation) • Osteoclasts – chew bone (reabsorption) |
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What do osteoblasts produce? |
• the bony matrix that comprises most of the bone • Osteoblasts also add calcium and phosphate to the matrix (mineralisation) |
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What is bony matrix made up of? |
• Bony matrix is made of collagen (protein) & glycoaminoglycans (sugars) |
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What is Parathyroid hormone's role in bones? |
• modulates the osteoblast & osteoclast activity • Osteoblast activity is increased by periodic spikes of PTH • Osteoclast activity is increased by high levels of PTH |
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What is calcitonin's role in bones and where it released from? |
• Calcitonin is released by the Thyroid gland • Calcitonin increases bone formation (increases osteoblast activity) |
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What is osteoporosis? |
• Progressive bone disease that occurs mainly in spongy bone |
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What is osteoporosis characterised by? |
• Characterised by a decrease in bone density (bone mass) & strength • Leads to increased fractures • Due to increased osteoclast activity (or reduced osteoblast activity) |
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What are the two types of osteoporosis and their causes? |
• Type 1: due to menopause • Lack of Oestrogen increases osteoclast activity and decreases osteoblast activity • Type 2: due to old age |
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What are some treatments for osteoporosis? |
• Vitamin D (with calcium is better) • Sun exposure (increases Vitamin D manufacture in body) • Exercise (increases bone strength) |
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What is osteoarthritis? |
• Degenerative condition in which the articular cartilage wears down • The bones rub together to cause pain (stimulate nerve endings) • Inflammation results • Ligaments become weaker (reducing range of motion) |
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What are the treatments for osteoarthritis? |
•Pain killers (lessen pain) • Anti inflammatories (lessen inflammation) • Glucosamine (to repair cartilage) • Surgery or joint replacement |
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Define articulation |
• where two bones meet that allows a degree of movement |
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What are the two parts of the skeleton? |
• Axial skeleton • Appendicular skeleton |
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What does the axial skeleton make up? |
• Bones that lie around the central axis of the body • Supports posture • Protects organs & CNS |
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What does the appendicular skeleton make up? |
• Bones of the upper and lower limbs • Bones attached to the axial skeleton • Allow movement of limbs due to the attachment of muscles |
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What is a joint? |
• Where two bones meet |
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What are the three types of joints? |
• Fixed (fibrous) • Slightly moveable • Synovial (freely movable) |
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What defines a fixed joint? |
• Fixed or immoveable • Held together by fibrous connective tissue • Very strong • Found in the skull |
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What defines a slightly moveable joint? |
• Held together by cartilage • Allows slight movement • Found in joint between the 2 pelvic bones - Pubis symphysis • Found in joints between vertebrae • Found in joints between ribs & sternum |
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What are the 6 types of freely moveable joints? |
• Ball & socket • Hinge • Pivot • Gliding • Saddle • Condyloid |
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What makes up a Ball & socket joint? |
• Ball and socket joints allow movement in a wide range (all planes) • The spherical head of one bone fits into the cavity of another • Head of humerus into cavity of scapula (shoulder) • Head of femur into cavity of pelvis (Acetabulum) |
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What makes up a Condyloid joint? |
• Condyloid joints allow movement in two planes • Also known as ellipsoid joints • Slightly convex fits into slightly concave • Between radius and carpal bones in wrist • Between metacarpals of the phlanges |
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What makes up a saddle joint? |
• Saddle joint allow rock against each other • The 2 bones are saddle shaped • Concave one way, convex the other • Between the thumb and the palm (there is only one in the body) |
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What makes up a Hinge joint? |
• Hinge joints allow movement in one plane only • Convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another • Elbow, Knee, Ankle, Fingers |
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What makes up a pivot joint? |
• Pivot joints allow one bone to rotate on one plane only • The head of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly of bone and partly of ligament • First vertebrae and skull (the atlas) on which the head is balanced • Between the tibia and fibula at the knee |
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What makes up a gliding joint? |
• Gliding joints allow movement in any direction • Restricted only by ligaments or bony projections • Carpal bones (wrist), Tarsal bones (ankle), Sternum & clavicle |
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Make makes up a synovial Joint? |
• Synovial joints have a cavity (synovial cavity) surrounded by a membrane (synovial membrane) • The membrane secretes synovial fluid which lubricates the joint • Articular cartilage on bone surfaces |
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What makes up the knee joint? |
• A bilayered capsule surrounds the joint • Synovial fluid fills the cavity |
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What is the bilayered capsule's function? |
• Fibrous capsule consisting of dense fibrous connective tissue that connects to the periosteum. It is strong but flexible. • Synovial membrane of loose connective tissue that lines the entire joint |
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What is Synovial fluid's function? |
• Lubricates the joint and nourishes the cells of the articular cartilage • Similar in texture to egg white • Contains phagocytes to remove debris • 0.5mL in knee • Excess fluid causes swelling |
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What is the meniscus? |
• Articular disc made of fibrocartilage • Divides the cavity in 2 • Can be torn |
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What is the bursa? |
• a little sac of synovial fluid that reduces friction between bone and tendons or ligaments or between bone and the skin |
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What is the function of the accessory ligaments? |
• hold the bones together (attached to the condyles) |
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What is cartilage? |
• a connective tissue • It contains protein fibres called collagen • Collagen is embedded in a firm protein-carbohydrate matrix called chondrin • This arrangement allows the cartilage to be both strong and flexible |
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What is the cartilage cell? |
• Chondroblast |
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What is the chondroblast's function? |
• Chondroblasts produce the matrix that surrounds them until they become trapped in the small space around them (lacunae) • When the chondroblast becomes trapped it is considered mature and is called a chondrocyte |
