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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are somatic cells? |
Any cell in the body other than those involved in reproduction |
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What do somatic cells divide by? |
Mitosis |
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What are germline cells? |
Stem cells that divide to form gametes (sperm & ova) |
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What do germline cells divide by? |
Mitosis and meiosis |
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Stages of meiosis |
1. Homologous chromosomes are separated 2. Chromatids are separated |
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What is cellular differentiation? |
Process where a cell expresses certain genes to produce protein characteristics for cell type |
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What do protein characteristics allow? |
Cell to carry out a specialised function |
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What type of stem cell is pluripotent? |
Embryonic stem cells |
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Pluripotent definition |
Differentiate into all the cell types that makes up an individual. Genes can be switched on |
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What are tissue stem cells involved in? |
Growth, repair and renewal of cells in that tissue |
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Multipotent definition |
Differentiate all types of cell found in a particular cell type |
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What can blood stem cells found in bone marrow make? |
Red blood cells, platelets, lymphocytes and phagocytes |
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What are ethics issues with embryonic stem cells? |
Using embryonic stem cells involved the destruction of the embryo |
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What cell divides excessively because they don’t respond to regulatory signals? |
Cancer cells |
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What is a mass of abnormal cells called? |
Tumour |
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What causes a secondary tumour? |
Cells within a tumour that fail to attach to each other speeding through the body |
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Research uses of stem cells |
How diseases develop or for drug testing |
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What does stem cell research provide? |
Information on how cell processes such as cell growth, differentiation and gene regulation work |
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Therapeutic uses of stem cells |
Repair damaged or diseased tissue or organs |
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Examples of therapeutic stem cells |
Corneal transplant and regeneration of damaged skin |
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What is the basic unit of DNA? |
Nucleotide |
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What is a nucleotide made of? |
Phosphate, deoxyribose sugar and a base |
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What are the 4 bases if DNA? |
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G) |
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What shape is DNA? |
Double stranded molecule called double helix |
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DNA base pairing sequence |
A pairs with T C pairs with G |
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What holds the bases together? |
Hydrogen bonds |
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What does anti parallel mean? |
Two strands that run in opposite directions |
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What joins to the 3’ end? |
Deoxyribose sugar |
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What joins to the 5’ end? |
Phosphate |
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What controls DNA replication? |
The enzyme DNA polymerase |
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How is the leading strand replicated? |
Continuously |
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How is the lagging strand replicated? |
In fragments |
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What is needed to start replication? |
Primer |
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What is a primer? |
A short strand of nucleotides which binds to the 3’ end of the template |
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What adds nucleotides to the 3’ end? |
Polymerase |
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What happens to DNA? |
Unwound and hydrogen bonds are broken to form two template strands |
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What happens to the fragments? |
Joined together by the enzyme ligase |
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What does PCR stand for? |
Polymerase chain reaction |
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What is PCR? |
Technique used to amplify (make many copies) a region of DNA |
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What are primers complementary to in PCR? |
Specific target sequences at the two ends |
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What is DNA heated to in order to separate the strands of DNA? |
Between 92°C & 98°C |
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What is DNA cooled to in order to allow primers to be added to bind to target sequences? |
Between 50°C & 65°C |
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What is DNA heated to in order for heat tolerant DNA polymerase to replicate region of DNA? |
Between 70°C & 80°C |
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What can PCR be used for? |
Solve crimes, settle paternity disputes and diagnose genetic disorders |
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What is a phenotype determined by? |
Proteins produced as a result of gene expression |
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What joins amino acids? |
Peptide bonds forming a polypeptide |
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How are proteins made? |
Polypeptide chains fold to form 3D shape of protein |
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What are they held together by? |
Hydrogen bonds and other interactions between individual amino acids |
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How many amino acids are there? |
22 |
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What are the two processes that form protein? |
Transcription and translation |
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What are three types of RNA? |
mRNA, tRNA and rRNA |
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How many strands is RNA? |
One stranded molecule |
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What do RNA nucleotides contain? |
Ribose sugar |
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What are the bases in RNA? |
Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Adenine (A) and Uracil (U) |
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What is mRNA? |
A molecule that carries a copy of the DNA code from the nucleus to ribosomes |
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How is mRNA made? |
Transcription |
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In mRNA what is a triplet if bases called? |
Codon |
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What is a ribosome made up from? |
rRNA & proteins |
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What is tRNA? |
A single stranded molecule through it folds due to complementary base pairing |
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What’s at each end of a tRNA molecule? |
One end has an attachment site for a specific amino acid The other end is an exposed triplet of bases called and anticodon |
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What is transcription? |
Synthesis of mRNA from a section of DNA |
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What does RNA polymerase do in transcription? |
It moves along the DNA unwinding the double helix and breaking the hydrogen bonds |
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How does RNA polymerase synthesise a mRNA molecule from RNA nucleotide? |
Complement base pairing |
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What is the mRNA made known as? |
The primary mRNA transcript |
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What is the process of translation? |
Take photo later |
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What does RNA splicing form? |
Mature mRNA transcript |
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What are introns of primary transcript? |
Non coding regions and are removed (ie. info is not needed to make protein) |
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What are exons? |
Coding regions and are joined together to form mature transcripts (ie. info is needed to make the protein) |
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What happens to the order of exons during splicing? |
They are unchanged |
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Different proteins |
Is the next few if I can work out what to put where |
