Human Bio (Exam 4)

Front 1

ball sack tubes

Back 1

seminiferous tubules

Front 2

sperm storage (top of ball sack)

Back 2

epididymus

Front 3

connection from ball sack to ejaculatory duct

Back 3

ductus vans deferens

Front 4

fn of prostate and bulbourethral gland

Back 4

pussy acid ; lube the dick hole

Front 5

sequence of sperm production

Back 5

1) spermatogonia => undergo mitosis to produce
2) primary spermatocyte => undergo Meiosis I to become
3) secondary spermatocyte => undergo Meiosis II to produce
4) spermatids which are immature sperm cells (4 genetically different cells

Front 6

production of testosterone

Back 6

interstitial cells between seminiferous tubules

Front 7

function of ovaries

Back 7

release oocytes

Front 8

3 layers of uterus

Back 8

1) endometrium (supp egg ; sloughs off)

2) myometrium (smooth muscle)

3) cervix (narrow opening)

Front 9

mammary glands ; hormones

Back 9

tetty milk regulators ; prolactin (+) & oxytocin (eject)

Front 10

1 - 5 days of tetty milk

Back 10

colostrum (dark and thick)

Front 11

# oocytes at birth

Back 11

1+ million

Front 12

process of oocyte maturation [6]

Back 12

1) immature follicle = primary oocyte surrounded by granulosa cells
2) granulosa cells divide and secrete surgary material to produce zona pellucida
zona pellucida => protective egg coating
3) antrum space develops in follicle
granulosa cells secrete estrogen and progesterone
4) follicle matures
stage I of meiosis is complete (nucleus)
1 large secondary oocyte
1 small polar body
6) corpus luteum forms from follicle
secretes large amounts of estrogen and progesterone
prepares uterus for fertilized egg
inhibit FSH

Front 13

menstrual cycle length

Back 13

28 days

Front 14

2 cycles of menstrual cycle ; hormones

Back 14

ovarian = changes in ovaries associated with oocyte maturation ; FSH and LH

uterine = changes in endometrial lining ; estrogen and progesterone

Front 15

phases of uterine cycle [4]

Back 15

1 - 5 = menstrual

6 - 14 = proliferative

14 = ovulation

14 - 28? = secretory phase

Front 16

3 stages of labor

Back 16

1) cervix dilation

2) expulsion of fetus

3) expulsion of afterbirth

Front 17

salivary glands [3 pairs]

Back 17

1) sublingual

2) submandibular

3) parotid

Front 18

2 types of motility in GI tract

Back 18

1) peristalsis => straight wavelike

2) segmentation => back-forth digestion

Front 19

gall bladder location ; fn

Back 19

under liver ; store/concentrate stomach bile

Front 20

pancreas location ; system

Back 20

under stomach ; endocrine

Front 21

gestation period length ; trimester lengths

Back 21

40 weeks total ;

1st => 1 - 14 weeks

2nd => 15 - 27 weeks

3rd => 28 - 40

Front 22

sperm route in reproductive system [6]

Back 22

1. Seminiferous tubules
2. Epididymis
3. Ductus deferens
4. Ejaculatory duct
5. Urethrea
6. Penis

Front 23

seminal vesicle ; fn

Back 23

gland right before ejaculatory duct ; mixes sperm with mucus, alkaline fluid, and fructose

Front 24

tube leading from ovaries to uterus

Back 24

oviduct

Front 25

interphase

Back 25

1) G1 = primary period of cell growth ; DNA in long chromatin segments

G0 = cell is grown and non-dividing

2) S = DNA duplicated, slow cell growth ; DNA unzips and replicates

3) G2 = prep for division, slow cell growth ; duplicated chromosomes = 2 sister chromatids held together by centromere

M (undergoing mitosis, starts over)

Front 26

mitotic phase

Back 26

1) mitosis = nucleus division

- prophase

- metaphase

- anaphase

- telophase

(I Picked My Apples Today)

2) cytokinesis = cell division

- Contractile ring of filaments tightens, forming cleavage furrow
- Plasma membrane& cytoplasm split
- Nuclear membrane reforms
- Chromosomes unwind completely

Front 27

mitosis generates _____

Back 27

2 genetically identical daughter cells (diploids)

Front 28

meiosis generates _____

Back 28

4 non-identicle daughter cells (sperm&eggs) (haploid)

Front 29

prophase ; substeps [5]

Back 29

1st phase of mitosis

1) mitotic spindles form (around centrioles)

2) centrioles migrate to cell poles

3) chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes

4) nuclear membrane dissolves

5) metabolic activity decreases

Front 30

metaphase

Back 30

2nd phase of mitosis, centrosomes at poles, chromosomes lined across center (metaphase plate)

Front 31

anaphase

Back 31

3rd phase of mitosis, centromeres split allowing daughter chromosomes migrate to poles

Front 32

telophase ; substeps [3]

Back 32

4th (final) phase of mitosis ;

1) new chromosomes unwind into chromatin

2) nuclear envelope reforms

3) spindle fibers disappear

Front 33

3 stages of prenatal development

Back 33

1) pre-embrionic => weeks 1-2

2) embryonic => weeks 3-8

3) fetal

Front 34

pre-embrionic phase

Back 34

weeks 1-2

1) cleavage => zygote divides, mitosis, no growth in oviduct, 8 cells

2) morula => 32 cells, mitosis, differentiation and morphogenesis

3) blastocyst => enters uterus, hollow ball of cells, implanted in endometrium

Front 35

embryonic phase

Back 35

Weeks 3 - 8 ;

• Rapid growth, differentiation, morphogenesis
• All organs & organ systems established BUT NOT FULLY FUNCTIONAL
• 3 germ layers
• Critical period minimum of 20% of embryos don’t survive

• Week 6 => Sex development (absence of Y chromosome = female)

Front 36

3 germ layers

Back 36

1. Ectoderm: outermost layer
– epidermis, epithelium, nervous
system (brain, spinal cord, al nerves), hair, nails, enamel, eye (cornea, re1na, lens), posterior pituitary, adrenal medulla
2. Mesoderm: middle layer
– Dermis of skin, all muscle, all
connec1ve 1ssue, bone & marrow, kidneys & ureters, testes, ovaries, lymph vessels, adrenal cortex
3. Endoderm: innermost layer
– Endothelium (GI, vagina, bladder, urethra), liver & pancreas, alveoli,
thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, an pituitary, tonsils, inner ear

Front 37

Fetal development phase

Back 37

Weeks 9 - birth ;

Week 8-9 => transition from embryonic to fetal

Months 3-4 =>

– Organ development continues

– Beginnings of organ function
• Kidneys, liver, spleen
• Eliminate some wastes into amniotic fluid
– Cartilaginous skeleton replaced with bone
– Bone marrow begins producing red blood cells – Face develops
– Rapid growth

Months 5-6 =>
• Nervous system & skeletal system are mature enough to allow fetal movement
• Skin is formed
• Heartbeat can be heard
• 6 months, may survive outside womb with A LOT of neonatal care

Months 7-9 =>

– Rapid growth & maturation
– Fetal activity increases
– Fetus prepares for life “on the outside”

• Lungs and digestive tract ready to function