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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Ventilation
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The provision of fresh air to a room, breathing in air
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3 Organs of the Upper Respirator tract
NNC P L |
Nose nasal cavity
Pharynx Larynx |
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3 organs of the lower respiratory tract
T B L |
Tracheal
Bronchial tree Lungs |
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Describe incoming air
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Nose has 3 grooves in which the air goes through, gets warmed and humidified
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Glands that produce tears
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Lacrimal glands
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3 regions of the pharynx
N O L |
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx Laryrgopharynx |
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Function of tonsils
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To fight infections, swell in response
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Common name for the larynx
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voice box
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What structure closes during swallowing in order to prevent food from entering the larynx
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Epiglottis
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Once air leaves the larynx it will enter into what structure?
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trachea
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What specific structures prevent the trachea from collapsing?
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Tracheal cartilaginous rings
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Which structure is anterior (closer to the front of the body) trachea or esophagus?
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Esophagus
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What are the very first branches of the bronchial tree?
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Left and right primary branches
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How many Secondary bronchi does the right lung have
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3
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How many Secondary bronchi does the left lung have
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2
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What is the name of the serous membrane that surrounds the lungs
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Plura
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Which structures participate in gas exchange
A B C |
Aveolar epithelial
Basil Laminae Capillary Enclohelial |
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If lung volume increases, the pressure within the lungs...
This will lead to... |
decreases
expiration |
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During inhalation, he diaphragm is...
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contracted
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Define tidal volume
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Volume of air when you breathe in and out
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typical value of tidal volume
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500 ml
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Define inspiratory reserve volume
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Additional air you can forcibly inhale after normal tidal volume
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Air that remains in the airways after a deep exhalation is referred to as...
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deep air space
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The respiratory center that controls ventilation is located where?
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The medulla oblongata in the brain stem
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During external respiration, if the oxygen level in the alveoli is higher than the oxygen level in the pulmonary capillaries oxygen will move in which direction?
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From the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries
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Internal respiration is responsible for delivering WHAT to the cells
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O2
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5 functions of the digestive system
MEDIA |
Movement
Elimination Digestion Ingestion Absorption |
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4 layers of the digestive tract (from the lumen outward)
SMSM |
Mucosa
Submucosa Muscularis Serosa, visceral peritoneum |
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Which of the above layers of the digestive tract is responsible for peristalsis?
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Muscularis
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3 pairs of Salivary glands
PSS |
Parotid
Submandibular Sublingual |
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What enzyme is secreted from the salivary glands?
What nutrient does it metabolize? |
Amylase
Starch |
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Define Rugae
Where would you find? |
Folds
In an empty stomach |
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3 secretions from the gastric glands
PMH |
Pepsin
Mucus Hydrochloric acid |
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3 Regions of the small intestine
JID |
Jejunum
Ileum Duodenum |
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Where does the absorption of the nutrients occur in the body?
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Jejunum in the small intestines
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Where is bile produced?
Where is bile stored? |
Liver
Gallbladder |
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What is the initial segment of the large intestine called?
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Cecum
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After contents leave the descending colon what structure does it go to next
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Sigmoid Colon
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Digestive Tract is made up of...
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GI tract and Alimentary Canal, continuous tube from the oral cavity to the anus
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Digestive tract is how long
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30 feet in cadaver
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Accessory Organs
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Teeth, tongue, and glandular organs such as the salivary glands, liver, gall bladder and pancreas
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Route through Digestive tract
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>Mouth
>Pharynx >Esophagus >Stomach >Small Intestine: – Duodenum – Jejunum – Ileum >Large Intestine/Colon Ascending – Transverse – Descending – Sigmoid - Rectum >Anus |
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Diverticulitis?
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Small pouches formed in the mucosa Traps food particles Can cause infection
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Innermost lining of GI tract...?
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– Surrounds lumen
Contains cells that produce mucus |
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Submucosa...?
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Contains blood vessels and lymphatic vessels that receive absorbed nutrients to be transported throughout the body
Peyer’s Patches – Lymph nodes in the small intestine |
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Muscularis...?
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• Contains 2 layers of Smooth muscle tissue – Inner circular layer – Outer longitudinal layer
• Peristalsis |
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Serosa...?
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• Covers organs of Digestive Tract that are suspended in the abdominopelvic cavity
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Mouth?
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Anterior portion of roof of mouth
• Oral / Buccal cavity • Labia • Hard Palate • Soft Palate – Posterior portion of roof of mouth • Uvula – Hangs from posterior Soft Palate – Blocks entrance to nasal cavity |
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Parotid glands...?
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– Located anterior/inferior to ears
– Secretes saliva into mouth via Parotid duct – Secretes Salivary amylase • An enzyme that breaks down starch |
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Submandibular Glands?
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– Located in floor of mouth
– Secrete saliva into mouth via Submandibular ducts • Secretes Salivary amylase and mucus |
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Sublingual glands?
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Located beneath the tongue – Superior to Submandibular glands – Secretes mostly mucus
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Teeth?
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• Mechanical digestion • Deciduous teeth (20) • Permanent teeth (32)
• Anatomy of Teeth – Crown – Neck – Root • Periodontal membrane (ligament) |
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Tongue?
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Composed of skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane
– Forms floor of oral cavity • Taste buds – Sensory receptors – Increase friction b/t tongue and food – Lingual glands secrete Lingual lipase • Breaks apart triglycerides • Bolus |
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Pharynx?
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Aka throat
• Tube that carries bolus from mouth to esophagus • Composed of skeletal muscle and lined by a mucous membrane |
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Esophagus?
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• Tube that carries bolus from pharynx to stomach
• About 10 inches long |
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Deglutition?
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Facilitated by the secretion of saliva and mucous
Involves the mouth, pharynx and esophagus – Foods takes about 4-8 seconds to move from mouth to stomach – Liquids take about 1 second Occurs in 3 stages: – Stage 1: Voluntary stage • Bolus is passed into Oropharnyx – Stage 2: Pharyngeal stage • Involuntary passage of bolus through pharynx into esophagus – Stage 3: Esophageal stage • Involuntary passage of bolus through esophagus into stomach |
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heart burn
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Occurs when the Lower esophageal sphincter does not completely close
Acids from stomach come up into esophagus Over time, erodes esophageal lining |
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Anatomy of Stomach
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Rugae
Gastric pits Chyme |
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The Small Intestine?
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• Diameter is smaller than the Large intestine
– Approximately 18 feet long |
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Pancreas?
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– Behind stomach
– Pancreatic juice enters duodenum – Buffers |
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Pancreas...
Pancreatic amylase digests? Pancreatic lipase digests? Trypsin digests? |
starch to maltose
fats to monoglycerides and fatty acids proteins to peptides |
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Liver?
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– Largest gland in body
– Located in the Upper right quadrant – Contains the gall bladder • Stores bile |
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Functions of Liver?
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-Receives blood from GI tract – removes nutrients – Detoxifies and removes toxins – Stores glycogen – Regulates cholesterol – Produces bile – Produces plasma proteins
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Functions of the Large Intestine?
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• DOES NOT participate in digestion, producing digestive juices or absorption of CHO, PRO and Lipids
• Absorb water – forms feces • Absorbs vitamins produced by intestinal bacteria • Defecation – Stretching reflex |
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During inspiration (inhalation)...
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O2 moves from atmosphere into our lungs, from the lungs into the blood, and then from the blood into the cells
– Cells use oxygen and glucose to make ATP |
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During expiration (exhalation)...
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CO2 is produced in our cells and must move from our cells into the blood, from the blood into the lungs and from the lungs into the atmosphere
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The Nasal Cavity...?
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• Mucus membrane
– Submucosa has BV’s • Olfactory Region – Roof of nasal cavity – Lined with olfactory receptors • Neurons • Lacrimal glands – Drain into nasal cavity |
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Larynx is...?
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a cartilaginous structure that surrounds and protects the glottis
aka vocal cords |
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Superior end of lungs is called...
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the Apex – Extends to Superior end of first rib
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Inferior portion of lungs is called...
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the Base
– Base rest on top of the diaphragm |
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Right Lung has 3 Lobes separated by 2 Fissures –
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Superior, Middle and Inferior Lobes – Horizontal and Oblique Fissures
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Left Lung has 2 Lobes separated by 1 Fissure –
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Superior and Inferior Lobes – Oblique Fissure
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Alveoli...?
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150 million alveoli are in each lung – Eachalveoliiscoveredbyanextensivecapillarynetwork – Capillariesaresurroundedbyelasticfibers
• Recoil of fibers occurs during exhalation, reducing size of alveoli pushing air out of lungs |
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Surfactant
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• Surfactant reduces surface tension in the liquid coating the alveolar surface
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Pleura is a...?
Pleura consists of 2 layers: – 1. – 2. |
serous membrane
visceral and parieta |
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Atmospheric Pressure
– The pressure that the Earth’s atmosphere applies on our bodies and everything around us at all times • Equals _______ mmHg |
760
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An inverse relationship occurs b/t gas pressure and volume
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– Decreasing lung volume – increases alveolar pressure
– Increasing lung volume – decreases alveolar pressure |
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Inspiration...
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• Active process – Contraction of diaphragm (downward)
and external intercostals (upward) |
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Expiration...
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• Passive process (usually)
– Relaxation of diaphragm (upward) and external intercostals (downward) – Can be an active process |
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
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– Additional amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal Tidal Volume (2900 mL of additional air beyond the VT)
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Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
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– Additional amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a normal Tidal Volume (1400 mL of additional air beyond the VT)
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Vital Capacity
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The maximal amount of air inspired plus the maximal amount of air expired – Sum of Tidal volume, IRV, ERV – Deep, forced breathing
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