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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is blood composed of
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plasma.
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What are the formed elements of blood?
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White and red blood cells. (1/2 of blood are RBCs)
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what is Hematocrit?
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Indicates the number of RBS's in blood stream.
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what is Anemia?
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Low RBC's.
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What does Erythoropoieten do? where is it produced?
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continuously replace RBC. stimulates RBC production from bone marrow. They are produced in the kidney.
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if you were type a blood, what kind of antigen and antibody would you have? also what kind of blood could you recieve?
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B antigens, type A antibodies, and could receive type O blood.
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What are Antigens? Antibodies?
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Antigens=protein marker on RBC. They react with antibody.
Antibodies= help immune system fight off invaders. |
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What is the RH factor?
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Determines whether your blood type is + or -.
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Why is it harmful if the second child is RH+?
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Because the antibodies will cross the placenta and cause agglutination
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what happens when there is an incorrect cross match?
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Agglutination.
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What does thrombin do?
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converts fibrinogen to fibrin
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what kind of Sticky threads form a net over injury?
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Fibrin.
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What kind of molecule can be recognized by the immune system.?
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antigen
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what is Inflammatory response?
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an increase of blood flow which results in increase of defensive proteins.
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what are the two different types of lymphocytes.
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B and T.
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where is the B lymphocyte mature? T?
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Bone marrow. Thyamus
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This lymphocyte produces antibodies in response to an antigen
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B.
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what are the two types of B cells?
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Plasma and memory.
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what triggers formation of complement channels in bacterial membrane?
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B cells.
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what happens when the water flows(osmosis)?
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the bacteria will explode.
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Passive Immunity
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picked up by nursing mothers or pregnancy. Picked up by someone else.
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Macrophages do what?
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engulfs invaders(bacteria), destroy them
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What will the MHC do?
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Engulf the bacteria.
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where does the bacteria go after it has broken down in the immune system?
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MHC
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After the MHC gets the parts what happens?
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It will present them to helper T cells, which then activates B cells and produces antibodies.
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what else does the Helper T cell activate?
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Cytotoxic T cells and memory t cells.
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Cytotoxic cells do what?
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Finds invaders and destroys them.
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What is Immunications?
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Tigger of primary response, also 1st exposure to antigen.
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What disease infects helper t cells and is and RNA virus.?
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HIV
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what is Prion?
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Misfolded protein that enters organism.
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Holes in brain tissue of cows if called what?
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BSE.
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What has salivary glands and produces Saliva?
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Mouth.
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What is Saliva?
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An enzyme that breaks down starch into sugar. (amylase)
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what type of contractions are used in the esophagus?
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Peristaltic.
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What controls the passage of food into stomach and prevents it to go back into esophagus?
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Sphintcer.
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Why is there HCL in the stomach?
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Kills bacteria fungal pathogens.
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What is the Phyloric Sphincter
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enterence to small intestine.
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What is the primary site for digestions. (break down of large food particles.)
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Small intestine.
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What structures are used to increase s. intestine surface area?
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Villi, microvilli, and circular folds.
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what are the four layers of the small intestine?
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Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and seroa.
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What layer is the site of absorption and digestion?
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Mucosa
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What layer of the s. intestine uses peristaltic contractions and moves and mixes food?
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Muscularis.
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what layer of the S. Intestine has blood vessels and delivers nutrients to body?
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Submucosa.
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What layer of the S. Intestine secretes lubricants?
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Serosa.
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what do lymphatic fluids leak from and what do they absorb?
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capillary bed and fats.
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what are the two types of membrane transport?
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Passive and Active.
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which transport uses ATP to move molecules from a lo to hi concentration?
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Active.
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What secretes Amylese, lipase, trypsin and DNAse into the small intestine?
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pancreas
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What is the storage and dehydration chamber?
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Large Intestine.
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what helps assist in digestion?
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Bacterial Flora
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what does the liver do?
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detoxifies blood.
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what causes blood clotting?
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liver damage
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what makes fibrin?
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liver.
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The liver produces what?
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bile.
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What is the main function of bile?
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separates fats in water in the s. intestine.
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Bile has two ends h20 and fat....which is charged and uncharged?
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H20=charged, fat= uncharged.
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Bile is stored where?
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Gall Bladder.
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what are crystals, concentrated bile?
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Gallstones.
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Where does the blood go after the small intestine?
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to the liver than to the heart.
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these are located in the nervous system around the gut wall.
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Neurons.
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Carbohydrates are metabolized fast, true or false?
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False.
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What are the types of micronutrients?
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Vitamins=a, b complex, c, d, e.
Minerals= FE, CA, K phosporus. |
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this vitamin helps the vision.
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A
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this vitamin helps your colon health
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D
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This vitamin help your energy metabolism
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B complex
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These vitamins fight off free radicals and is an antioxidant
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C and E.
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Excellant source of micronutrients are?
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Veggies.
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what decreases the risk of osteoporosis?
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Calcium
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Fiber prevents what?
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Colon cancer, and decreases cholesterol.
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What prevents anemia
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Iron.
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Folic acid does what?
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prevents birth defect.
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Bilirubrin breakdown of hemoglobin in liver is what?
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Jaundice.
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Bilirubrin is used to produce what?
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Bile.
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Malnutrition is what?
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lack of the correct types foods you need in many countries.
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What are the nodes of Ranvier?
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gaps in the myelin sheet of an neuron that boosts the signal.
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What increases the speed of firing impulses?
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Myelin Sheet
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Synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters are located in the axon terminals. T or F?
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True.
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Axon Terminals store what?
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Neurotransmitters.
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Axon hillock does what?
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Decides if it should fire or not fire.
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What is picked up by the dendrite of a next neuron?
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Synapse.
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how do you sen electrical imposes in a biological system?
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ion flow to carry impulse, the movement of ions.
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what has to happen before the ions can flow?
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there has to be a concentration difference from inside of cell to out.
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Na is stronger on the inside. T or F.
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False, K is higher on the inside.
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Depolarization is the opening of what channel.
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Na+
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K+ channel opening is repolarization. T or F?
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True.
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what are two types of gating?
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Ligand and voltage.
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what kind of gating is used at the axon hillock? why?
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Voltage, because there was a change in electrical state. it reached threshold.
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What are the branches of the nervous system.
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CNS and PNS
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PNS has two branches...what are they?
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Somatic(skeletal muscles) and Autonomic(organs)
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Sypathetic and parasympathetic are the two branches of what?
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Autonomic.
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Epinephrin is part of which autonomic branch?
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Sympathetic.
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fight or flight is what branch? Rest or digest?
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Sympathetic. Parasympathetic.
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Brain has what two colored tissues
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Gray matter and white matter.
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what carries impulses from left to right of the brain?
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Corpus callosus.
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What are the four lobes of the brain?
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frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal(temples)
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which lobe controls all your muscles and is located in the front?
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Frontal lobe.
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Which love is the touch sensory (semata sensory) and is located at the on top of your head.
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parietal lobe.
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Which lobe is auditory and is located on the sides
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temporal
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which lobe is for vision, and is located in the back.(if you hit this part, vision goes blurry)
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occipital lobe.
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Cerebellum does what?
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coordinates in skilled movement. (getting better at jump shots)
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what connects the spinal cord to cerebrum/cerebellum
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brain stem
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What controls heart rate, and breathing.
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medulla ablongata.
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Thalamus does what?
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processes all sensory info except smell.
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what is CSF
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CerebrumSpinal fluid. it's the filtrate of blood.
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CSF is contained in membranes called
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meninges.
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Drugs mimic may bind to what type of gate making it open and make them not open?
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Ligand.
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what does the sensory system do?
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Specializes neurons capable of firing in response to environmental cue.
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info travels as action potentials along what type of neurons?
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Afferent.
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How do we get action potentials to travel?
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we can alter frequency of firing of a.p.
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impulses are delivered what kind of cortex?
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somatosensory.
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what are sound waves?
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regions of compressed and expanded air
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what does the shape of the ear do? (pinne)
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Funnels sound into external auditory canal.
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Air pressure causes vibrations in what?
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ear drum
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this transfers vibration from temp. membrane to oval window.
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auditory ossicle.
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what do photo receptors cells respond to?
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photons.
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3 types of cones?(colors.)
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red, green, and blue.
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Rods are black and white? T or F.
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True.
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what focuses light and changes shape?
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Cornea and lens.
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what does the oval window con net to?
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cochlea
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how do you generate fluid pressure?
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by vibrating oval window.
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basilar membrane contains....hair cells
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cilia.
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