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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Arteries |
- blood away from heart - oxygenated except pulmonary artery - no valves - thick elastic muscle walls - small lumen vs. veins - Maintain blood pressure |
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Veins |
- Blood to the heart - Deoxygenated except the pulmonary vein - have Valves - Thinner muscle walls - Larger lumen - Dont maintain Blood pressure |
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Capillaries |
Take blood to every cell in the body, surround cells with thin walls for faster diffusion. Have small lumen |
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Pericardium |
The fluid filled sac that surrounds the heart and the proximal ends of the aorta, vena-cava, and the pulmonary artery. |
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Pericardium functions |
1. Prevents the heart from over expansion 2. Prevents infections 3. Lubricates heart (prevents infection) 4. Limits the hearts motion 5. Keeps the heart in the chest cavity |
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Travel through the heart |
I.V.C, S.V.C > right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulmonic valve > pulmonary artery > lungs > pulmonary vein > left atrium > mitral valve > left ventricle > aortic valve > aorta > the body |
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Characteristics of the Respiratory System |
1. Moist - increases diffusion rates 2. Thin - gases don't have travel far 3. High SA:V 4. Rich blood supply |
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Breathing IN
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1. Ribs expand up and out 2. intercostal muscles contract 3. Diaphragm Contracts and moves down 4. Pressure inside thoracic cavity drops 5. Volume of the thoracic cavity has increased 6. Air rushes in to equalize pressure |
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7 functions of blood |
1. oxygen to cells 2. carbon dioxide from cells 3. heat arund the body 4. hormones around the body 5. maintains pH levels 6. maintains osmotic potential of fluids 7. fights infection |
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Enzymes |
Organic proteins that are catalysts Speed up reactions Lower activation energy Remain unchanged
Enzymes are the keys Substrates, enzymes act on Substrate is lock Substrate fits active site Forms substrate Enzyme complex Enzyme remains unchanged
Temperature and pH affect enzymes Temp too high denatured Temp too low not enough energy so not enough collision pH too low or too high denatured denaturation damges active site so the esc cant form product cannot be made
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6 Functions of the Digestive System |
1. digestion of food 2. ingest food and water 3. chemical digestion of food 4. Movement of food through alimentary canal 5. absorption of food and water in blood and lymph 6. Eliminate unabsorbed material |
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3 parts of the small intestine |
1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum |
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Villi |
Have microvilli attached to them Capillaries from (arteries and veins) Lacteal from (lymphatic vessel) Absorptive cell Intestinal gland
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Body Cell requirements |
- amino acids - simple sugars - fatty acids - vitamins - mineral - water |
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GASTRIC JUICE |
Mucus HCl Protease |
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Pancreatic Juice |
Protease Lipase Amylase Nuclease Bicarbonate ions |
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Intestinal Juice |
amylase (disaccharides into monosaccharides) lipase (lipids into fatty acids and glycerol) peptidase (peptides into amino acids) |
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Bile |
Produced in the liver stored in the gall bladder emulsifies lipids increases the SA:V of fat droplets Lipases can work more effectively |
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small intestine |
contains - pancreatic juice - intestinal juice - bile |
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stomach |
mechanical digestion, oblique muscle layer as well as circle and longitudinal layers. |
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Pancreatic Juice Enzymes |
Amylase breaks down starch trypsin or protease splits protein into smaller molecules Rybonuclease and Deoxyribonuclease digest RNA and DNA Lipase creak down fats into fatty acids and glycerol |
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Intestinal Juice Enzymes |
amylase to break down disaccharides into simple sugats peptidases to break down peptides into amino acids lipases to break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol |
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Small Intestine Features |
1. About 6m long 2. mucosa has folds that extend overall SA:V 3. the mucosa has projections called villi 4. have microvilli |
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Absorption at the Villi |
Simple sugars, amino acids, water and water soluble vitamins are absorbed into the blood cappilaries. Fatty acids and glycerol recombine in the cells of the villi to form fats and, along with fat-soluble vitamins, enter the lacteals.
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Cell membrane |
made up of - lipids - proteins - phospholipid bilayer cell membranes are differentially permeable |
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PASSIVE PROCESSES |
the cells energy from respiration is not required |
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ACTIVE PROCESSES |
require the cells energy from respiration |
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3 BASIC PROCESSES IN AND OUT OF MEMBRANES |
1.diffusion, a passive process resulting from random movements of ions and molecules, osmosis is the diffusion of water 2. carrier mediated transport, process that requires special proteins in the cell membrane, may be passive or active 3. vesicular transport, process where materials are moved in membrane bound sacs(active). |
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Diffusion |
through protein channels in the membrane, very small in diameter so small molecules can pass through where as big molecules are too large |
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CARRIER MEDIATED TRANSPORT |
there are special proteins in the cell membrane that bind to an ion or molecule and help it move across membranes. These carrier proteins are specific, they usually only bind with one particular ion or molecule |
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Facilitated diffusion |
Many things that a cell needs, including glucose and amino acids, have molecules that are too large to fit though the cell membrane by simple diffusion. Such substances can be moved through the membrane by carrier proteins in a process called facilitated diffusion. A passive process that moves substances from a high to low conc. The transported molecule binds to a carier protein, which changes shape, moving the molecule to the opposite side of the cell membrane where it is released. Glucose is the main. |
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT |
requires cellular energy. Although energy expenditure is a disadvantage for the cell, the big up side is it can move substances across the conc. gradient. Carrier proteins are similarly involved like facilitated diffusion. Substances like amino acids. |
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VESICULAR TRANSPORT |
active process which materials move into or out of the cell membrane enclosed as vesicles. Also known as bulk transport as large amounts of materials can be transported. |
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Vesicles |
Bubble-like structures surrounded by a membrane. |
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ENDOCYTOSIS |
PHAGOCYTOSIS- cell eating (wbc) PINOCYTOSIS- cell drinking |
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EXOCYTOSIS |
If the contents of a cell are pushed out is called exocytosis. eg. breast milk or saliva, or digestive enzymes |
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endoplasmic reticulum |
network of parallel membranes within the cell used to transport substances within cell particularly proteins the cell has made have ribosomes attached (rough) |
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golgi apparatus |
flattened membraneous bags on top eachother. modify proteins and package them in vesicles for secretion from the cell. |
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Microtubules |
very fine tubes that help to maintain the shape of the cell and hold organelles in place |
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centrioles |
a pair of cylindrical structures located near the nucleus, involved in the reproduction of the cell |
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ribosomes |
very small and spherical, may be free in the cytoplasm but mostly attached to membranes. amino acids are joined at the ribosomes to make proteins |
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mitochondria |
spherical or elongated structures spread throughout the cytoplasm. cellular resp. |
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NUCLEUS |
spherical, containing the genetic material, mostly DNA, separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane. |
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NUCLEOULUS |
composed of RNA |
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Lysomes |
small spheres that contain enzymes able to break down proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and some carbs. |
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Bacteria |
- transmitted: water, vectors - operation: releases toxins - treatment: antibiotics - eg: cholera |
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VIRUS |
- transmitted: body fluids - operation: DNA and RNA only - treatment: anti viral drugs - eg: HIV |
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PRION |
- transmitted: eat infected matter - operation: changes normal proteins to abnormal ones - treatment: none - eg: MADCOW |
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FUNGUS |
- transmitted: spores - operation: eat away at cells - treatment: fungicides - eg: tinea |
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MECHANICAL BARRIERS |
provide obstacle to invading pathogens and ∆ reduce the risk of disease. most common mechanical barriers is a surgical mask. eg SARS |
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PAIN RELEIF |
many infections cause pain, drugs reducing pain are called analgesics. |
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TOPICAL PREPERATION |
Used on the skin, include ointments, creams gels, lotions and solutions. such as - sunscreen - antiseptics - antibiotic solutions - analgesics - insecticides - cosmetics |
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Non specific Defenses |
- good hygiene - cover mouth - wear gloves - wipe surfaces - don't share personal articles |
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ANTIMICROBIALS |
A chemical used to kill infecting micro-organisms like antibiotics |
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nephron |
makes urine and cleanses blood about 1.2 million |
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FILTRATION |
@ glomerulus filtrate (everything but plasma protein RBC and WBC) includes - water - salts - uric acid - amino acids - creatinine - fatty acids - hormones - glucose - toxins - urea - ions |
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SECRETION |
From blood to filtrate - potassium - hydrogen - creatinine - penicillin maintains pH of blood |
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RE-ABSORPTION |
From filtrate to blood - water (active, facultative reabsorption) - amino acids - glucose - calcium - hydrogen carbonate - urea - ions like potassium and chlorine |
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LIVER |
deamination: the removal of the amino group from an amino acid molecule - excess protein cannot be stored in the body - proteins can be used for energy if carbs and fats run out - removes NH2 converts to NH3 then to urea - converted leftovers in carbs |
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CELL DIVISON |
includes -mitosis: growth. maintenance and repair -meiosis: fro sexual reproduction |
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MITOSIS |
- cells reproduce so that organs can grow larger - cells that are damaged, worn out or diseased must be replace
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MITOSIS .0 |
DNA determines the types of proteins we can make vital that when we reproduce the daughter cell gets the exact same dna |
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MITOSIS PHASES |
INTERPHASE PROPHASE METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE CYTOKENESIS |
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INTERPHASE |
dna molecules duplicate |
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PROPHASE |
nucleoli dissappear nuclear membrane breaks down centrioles migrate to opposite poles chromosomes appear as pairs of chromatids spindle forms |
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METAPHASE |
chromosomes line up on the spindle at the equator of the cell |
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ANAPHASE |
centromeres divide chromosomes move to opposing poles |
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TELOPHASE |
spindle disappears nuclear membranes and nucleoli form centrioles divide chromosomes uncoil and disappear
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CYTOKENESIS |
cytoplasm of the cell divides into two each with a nucleus |
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MEIOSIS |
HALF THE NUMBER OF chromosomes for sex cell production |
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Prophase 1 |
chromosomes become visible as long threads already duplicated has pair of chromatids dna becomes tightly coiled spindle forms spreading between poles crossing over may occur |
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metaphase 1 |
paired chromosomes are arranged on the spindle fibres across the center of the cell |
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anaphase 1 |
thw pair of homologous chromosomes move apart, with one member of each pair moving to one pole of the cells the number of chromosomes at each pole is half |
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telophase |
the cytoplasm may divide into two parts |
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prophase 2 |
a new spindle forms at each end of the original spindle and usually at right angles |
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metaphase 2 |
chromosomes are arranged on the new spindle chromsomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell |
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anaphase 2 |
nuclear membranes begin to form and the cytoplasm starts to divide |
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telophase 2 |
by the end of the second divison 4 new cells have been formed, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell |
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mitosis vs meiosis |
mitosis one duplication produces two diploid cells chromatids seperate so each new cell gets a complete set of daughter chromosomes new cell for growth and reapair meiosis one duplication and two divisions produces 4 haploid cells homologous pairs seperate so each new cell gets haploid set of chromosomes genetic make up of chromosomes can be altered due to crossing over produces haploid gametes for sexual reproduction |
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SPERMATOGENESIS |
spermatogonia mitosis daughter cell spermatogonia mitosis primary spermatocyte meiosis 1 secondary spermatocyte meiosis 2 spermatids spermatozoa(mature |
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OOGENESIS |
(prebirth) oogonia mitosis primary oocyte meiosis 1 (stops at p1) primary oocyte completes meiosis 1 secondary oocyte + polar body meiosis 2 ootid/ovum |
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ovarian cycle |
follicle stim hormone acts on follicle follicle sectretes oestrogen leutenising hormone corpus luteum secretes progesterone build up lining |
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gene |
genes are made up of DNA, they are a small part of the whole DNA molecule. gene carrys the info that determines the characteristics 20000 genes on each chrom. 3 nucleotides make an amino acids |
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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS |
messenger RNA: copies the gene info from dna moves out into the cytoplasm, via nuclear pores, to the ribosome (codon) transfer Rna: collects amino acids from within the cytoplasm and arranges them into proteins according to the messenger rna (anticodon) Ribosomal RNA: bonds amino acids together to form a protein |
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mutations |
show variation that doesnt resmeble either rental |
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gene mutations |
changes a single gene so that the traits are changed |
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chromosomal mutations |
all or part of the chromsome is affected |
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mutagens |
mustard gas sulfur dioxide antibiotics |
