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183 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is osteology?
The study of bone.
What are the 6 functions of the skeleton?
Support, Protection, Movement, Electrolyte Balance, Acid-Base Balance and Blood Formation.
What are the long bones shaped like?
It is longer than wide, and acted upon by muscles.
What are the short bones shaped like?
It is equal in length and width.
What are flat bones shaped like?
They are curved, but wide and thin and protect soft organs.
What are irregular bones?
They are elaborate shapes that don't fit the other bone types.
What covers the joint surface of a long bone?
Articular Cartilage
What is articular cartilage composed of?
Hyaline Cartilage
What is the structure of periosteum?
It is composed of an outer fibrous layer of collagen continuous with tendons that attach muscle to bone. The Inner layer of bone forming cells produces growth and healing.
Where is the periosteum?
It covers the bone except where there is hyaline cartilage.
What is the endosteum?
It lines the marrow cavity and its cells dissolve and deposit osseus tissue.
What is a diploe?
A spongy layer of tissue in the cranium that absorbs shock, resuces weight and retains strength.
What are osteoblasts?
Bone forming cells. Stress and fractures stimulate osteogenic cells to multiply more rapidly.
What are osteocytes?
Former osteoblasts trapped in the matrix they deposited. Osteoblasts form osteocytes when trapped in lacunae. Osteocytes regulate bone remodeling, matrix reabsorption and deposition.
What are osteoclasts?
Bone-dissolving cells found on the bone surface. Osteoclasts develop from stem cells and have a different origin then other bone cells.
How much of the osseous tissue is organic and inorganic?
1/3 organic and 2/3s inorganic material.
How does organic matter form?
It is synthesized by osteoblasts. Consists of collagen and other proteins.
What does inorganic matter consist of?
It consists of 85% hydroxyapatite, 10% calcium carbonate, and other minerals.
What is rickets?
Soft bones due to deficiency of calcium salts.
What is "brittle bone disease" also known as and what does it cause?
Osteogenesis imperfecta causes excessively brittle boens due to lack of collagen.
What does spongy bone consist of?
Thin "fibers" of bone called trabeculae and spaces filled with red bone marrow. There are few osteons and no central canals. It provides strength with minimal weight.
What does compact bone consist of?
Many osteons in a haversian system. Central canals and concentric lacuna connected to each other by canaliculi. There are perforating canals and collagen fibers corkscrew around lamella.
What does compression do to bone?
Forces pushing ends together.
What does tension do to bone?
Pulling ends apart.
What does shear do to bone?
Adjacent forces pushing in different directions.
What does torsion do to bone?
Twisting forces
What does bending do to bone?
Results from interaction of compression and tension.
What is bone marrow?
Soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity of a long bone and smal spaces between the trabeculae of spongy bone.
What does red bone marrow do?
It consists of hemapoietic tissues that produce blood cells.
What does yellow bone marrow do?
It replaces much red marrow as an adult, and stores lipids.
What is ossification?
The formation of bone.
What 2 methods does bone develop by?
Intramembranous ossification and endochrondal ossification.
Describe Intramembranous Ossiciation. 1st Step
Condensation of the mesenchyme into soft sheet permeated with blood capillaries.
Describe Intramembranous Ossification. 2nd Step.
Deposition of osteoid tissue by osteoblasts on mesenchymal surface; extrapment of first osteocytes; formation of periosteum.
Describe Intramembranous Ossification. 3rd Step.
Honeycomb of bony trabeculae formed by continued mineral deposition. Surface bone filled in by bone deposition
Describe Intramembranous Ossification. 4th Step.
Suface bone filled in by bone deposition, converting spongy bone to compact bone. Persistance of spongy bone in the middle layer.
What does intramembranous ossification produce?
Flat bones of the skull and clavicle.
What is endochonral ossification?
Process in which bone develops from pre-existing cartilage model. This begins in the 6th fetal weeks and ends in early 20s.
Describe Primary Ossiciation. 1st Step.
Formation of primary ossification center, bony collar and periosteum.
Describe Primary Ossification. 2nd Step.
Chondrocytes enlarge, matrix thins and ossifies, chondrocytes die, lacuna merge into single cavity.
Describe Primary Ossification. 3rd Step.
Vascular invasion formation of primary marrow cavity, and appearance of secondary ossification center.
Describe Secondary Ossification. 1st Step.
Bones at birth with enlarged primary marrow cavity and appearance of secondary marrow cavity in one epiphysis.
Describe Secondary Ossification. 2nd Step.
Bone of child, with epiphyseal plate at distal end and epiphyses with spongy bone.
Describe Secondary Ossification. 3rd Step.
Adult bone with a single marrow cavity and closed epiphyseal plate.
How do bones grow?
In length and width.
What is interstitial growth?
Bone increases in length as a result of cartilage growth within epiphyseal plate. Epiphyses closewhen cartilage is gone and form epiphyseal line.
What is appositional growth?
Boens increase in width throughout life as a result of the deposition of new bones at the surface. Osteoblasts on deep side of periosteum deposit calcium salts and collagen.
What is bone remodeling?
It is a process that repairs microfractures, releases minerals into blood. It also reshapes bones in response to use and disuse.
What is the Wolff's law of bone?
Architecture of bone is determined by mechanical stresses placed on it and bones adapt to withstand those stresses.
What is acandroplastic dwrafism?
When the long bones stop growing in childhood, leaving a normal sized torso, but short limbs.
What is pituitary dwarfism?
A lack of growth hormone that leads to normal proportions with short stature.
What happens to a matrue bone as an organ?
It remains metabolically active. It is involved in its own maitenence of growth and remodeling. It exerts a profound influence over the rest of the boy by exchanging minerals with tissue fluid.
What is mineral deposition?
A crystrallization process in which calcium phosphate, and other ions are taken from the blood plasma and deposited in bone tissue.
What is mineral resorption?
The process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals into the blood.
What is calcium homeostasis important?
Calcium and phosphate are used for much more than bone structure. Phosphate is a component of DNA, RNA, ATP, phopholipds and ph buffers. Calicum is needed in nueron communciation, muscle contraction, and blood clotting. Minerals are deposited in the skeleton and withdrawn when they are need for other purposes.
What is the normal calcium concentration in blood plasma?
9.2 to 10.4 mg/dl
Define hypocalcemia.
When there is a blood calcium deficiency. This causes excess excitability of muscle, tremors spasms or tetany. This condition has a wide variety of causes.
Define hypercalcemia.
When there is a blood calcium excess. This causes sluggish reflexes and depression. This condition is rare.
What is a carpopedal spasm?
Hypocalcemia demonstrated by muscle spasm of hands and feet.
What are some causes of hypocalcemia?
Vitamin d deficiency, diarrhea, thyroid tumors, underactive/removed parathyroids, pregnancy and lactation.
What is calcium homeostasis?
It is dependent on a balanced between dietary intake, urinary and fecal loses, and exchanges between osseous tissue.
What 3 hormones is calcium homeostasic controled by?
Calcitriol, Calcitonin, and PTH
What is the purpose of calcitriol?
It is required for calicum absorption from diet.
What is the purpose of calcitonin?
It lowers blood calcium concentration. Important in children, but has a weak effect in adults. Reduces bone loss during pregnancy and lactation.
Where is calcitonin secreted and why?
It is secreted by the thyroid gland when calcium concentration rises too high.
What does PTH (or parathyroid hormone) do?
It raises the calcium blood level. A sporadic injection or secretion of low levels of PTH causes bone deposition, and can increase bone mass.
Where the PTH secreted from and why?
Secreted by the parathyroid glands which adhere to the posterior surface of thyroid gland when there is a blood calcium deficiency.
What is a stress fracture?
A break caused by abnormal trauma to a bone.
What is a pathological fracture?
A break in a bone weakened by some other disease.
How do you distinguish different types of fractures?
By direction of the fracture line, break in the skin and multiple pieces.
What does a greenstick fracture look like?
A break that splinters in a piece. Like how a new branch of wood will snap but not pull apart completely.
What does a comminuted fracture look like?
The bone is broken into several pieces. The skin is broken.
Describe Fracture Healing. Step 1.
Hematoma formation. The hematoma is converted to granulation tissue byinvasion of cells and blood capillaries.
Describe Fracture Healing. Step 2.
Soft callus formation. Deposition of collagen and fibrocartilage converts granulation tissue to a soft callus.
Describe Fracture Healing. Step 3.
Hard callus formation. Osteoblasts deposit a temporary bony collar around the fracture to unite the broken pieces while ossification occurs.
Describe Fracture Healing. Step 4.
Bone remodeling. Small bone fragments are removed by osteoclasts while osteoblasts deposit spongy bone and then convert it to compact bone.
What ways can fractures by treated?
Closed reduction (bone fragments are manipulated into place without surgery), Open reduction (surgery), cast (used to stabilize and immobilize healing), or orthopedics.
What is osteoporosis?
The severe loss of bone density. Bones lose mass and become brittle due to loss of organic matrix and minerals. (Affects spongy bone)
What other conditions can osteoporosis cause?
It can cause kyphosis (widow's hump) which is a deformity of the spine due to vertebral bone loss.
Who is at the greatest risk for osteporosis?
Post-menopausal white women. Other risk factors include race, age, gender, smoking, diabetes, diets poor in calcium, protein, vitamins c and d.
What are treatments for osteoporosis?
Estrogen replacement therapy, which slows bone resorption, but increases risk of breast cancer, stroke and heart diseases. PTH slows bone loss if given as a daily injection. Best treatment is prevention-exercise and calcium intake between ages 25 and 40.
How does estrogen affect osteoporosis?
Estrogen maintains density in both sexes and inhibits resorption by osteoclasts.
What is the axial skeleton composed of?
skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum, and hyoid.
What is the appendicular skeleton composed of?
pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, arm and leg bones.
How many bones are in the adult skeleton?
206
How many bones are in the skull?
22 bones. 8 cranial and 14 facial.
What is a sinus?
A cavity lined by mucous membrane and air-filled. Sinuses lighten the skull and add resonance to your voice.
What is the purpose of the braincase and what 3 regions is it divided in?
The cranium protects the brain and assoicated sense organs. It consists of the anterior cranial fossa (hold the frontal lobe), the middle cranial fossa (which holds the temporal lobes of the brain) andthe posterior cranial fossa, ( which contains the cerebellum).
What are sutures?
A fibrous joint that is immovable or slightly movable. They bind the bones of the skull to each other.
Name some sutures in the skull.
Coronal, Saggital, Squamous and Lamdoid.
Define a serrate suture.
A serate suture consists of interlocking wavy lines such as the coronal, saggital and lamdoid suture.
Define squamous suture.
An overlapping beveled edge between the temporal and parietal bones such as the squamous suture.
What bone does the petrous part belong too?
The temporal bone.
What does the petrous part do?
Seperates middle from posterior crucial fossa. It houses the middle and inner ear cavities.
What bone does the superior and infererior nuchal lines mark?
Occipital bone. And the marks are from neck muscles.
What ligament does the external occipital protuberance correspond too?
The nuchal ligament.
Where is the ethmoid bone located?
Between the eyes.
What does the ethmoid bone do?
Contributes to the medial wall of orbit, lateral walls of roof and nasal cavity , and nasal septum.
What are the 3 major portions of the ehtmoid bone?
perpendicular plate, cribiform plate and labriynth of ethmoid cells which make up the ethmoid sinuses.
Define facial bones.
Those that have no direct contact with the brain or meinges. (14 of them)
What do the facial bones do?
Support the teeth, give shape and indivdiuality to the face, form part of the orbital and nasal cavitites, and provide attachements for facial muscles.
What is the largest facial bone?
The maxillary bone which forms the upper jaw and meet each other at intermaxillary suture.
If there is a deformity in the hard palate what condition can form?
A cleft palate and cleft lip.
Define butt suture and where it is found.
The butt suture is straight non-overlapping edges that form the palaine processes of the maxillae.
What is gomphoses?
An attachment of a tooth to its socket. This is held in place by fibrous periodontal ligaments. The collagen fibers attche tooth to jawbone and allows the tooth to move a little under the stress of chewing.
Where is the maxiallary sinus?
Fills the maxillae bone and is bigger than the frontal, sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses.
Where is the zygomatic arch?
Formed from the temporal process and the zygomatic process, the zygomatic arch forms the cheekbones and part of lateral orbital wall.
How many conchae are in the nasal cavity?
3; the inferior, which is the largest of the 3, the superior, and the middle.
What 2 nasal conchae are part of the ethmoid bone?
The superior and middle.
What does vomer do?
Supports cartilage that forms the anterior part of the nasal septum.
What bone in the mandible develops as 2 seperate bones in fetus?
The mental symphysis.
What is the strongest bone in the skull?
The mandible.
What does the body of the mandible do?
Supports teeth.
What does the ramus of the mandible do?
Articulates with the cranium.
Where does the angle of the mandible meet?
This is the point where body and ramus meet.
What does the mandibular condyle form?
The hinge temporamandibular joint. (TMJ).
Whta ligaments support TMJ?
2 ligaments support the joint. The lateral ligament prevents posterior displacement of mandible. The sphenomandibular ligament is on the medial side.
What happens during TMJ dislocation?
A deep yawn of strenous depression can dislocate the TMJ which causes he condyles to pop out of fossa and slip forward. The jaw is relocated by pressing down on molar teeth while pushing the jaw backward.
What are the signs and symptoms of TMJ syndrome?
Can cause intermittent facial pain, clicking sounds in the jaw, limitation of jaw movement, severe headaches, pain radiating from the jaw down the neck and vertigo.
What are the causes of TMJ syndrome?
No body really knows. Combination of physcologial tension and manlocclusion.
What are the treatments of TMJ syndrome?
Psychological managment, physical therapy, anti-inflammatory drugs and corrective dental appliances.
What is the only bone that does not articulate with any other bone?
The Hyoid
Where is the hyoid bone located?
It is suspended from styloid process of skull by muscle and ligament.
What are fontanels?
Spaces between unfused bones. They are filled with fibrous membrane and allow shifting of bones during birth and growth of the brain.
What are the functions of the vertebral column?
Support the skull and trunk, protect the spinal cord, absorb the stress of locomotion, and provide attachements for limbs, thoracic cage and postural muscle.
How many vertebrae do we have?
33
What is the newborn spinal curvature resemble?
A c-shape known as primary curvature.
How many curvatures does an adult spine have?
4- Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar and Pelvic.
What is scoliosis?
Abnormal lateral curvature
What is kyphosis?
Exaggerated thoracic curvature. (hunchback) Usually from osteoporosis, also, osteomalacia or spinal tuberculosis or wrestling in young boys.
What is lordosis?
Exaggerated lumbar curvature (swayback). Is from pregnancy or obesity.
Describe the body of a vertebrae.
Spongy bone that contains red bone marrow that is covered with a thin shell of compact bone. This is the weight bearing portion of the vertebra.
Which vertebrae does the spinal cord end?
T12
What is the composition of intervetebral discs?
Pad consisting of nucleus pulposus- an inner gelatinous mass and anulus fibrosus- and outer ring of fibrocartilage.
What do intervetebral discs do?
They bind vertebrae together, support the weight of the body, and absorb shock.
What is a herniated disc?
A ruptured or slipped disc puts painful pressure on spinal nerve or spinal cord.
Define symphysis.
2 bones joined by fibrocartilage.
What allows the nodding motion of skull gesturing "yes"?
Atlas and the occipital condyles
What is a synovial joint?
A highly movable joint.
What is the glenohumeral joint?
A shallow glenoid cavity and loose shoulder joint capsule sacrifice join stability for freedom of movement.
What is the glenoid labrum?
A fibrocartilage ring that deepends the glenoid cavity.
Where is the glenohumeral joint located?
The shoulder.
What stabilizes the shoulder joint? 5 ligaments and 4 bursa
Glenohumeral (3), coracohumeral, and transverese humeral ligaments. Then, subdeltoid, subacromial, subcoracoid and subscapula bursae.
What do the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles do?
Support and strengthen shoulder joint by fusing to joint capsule. The biceps brachii tendon also supports the joint.
What is shoulder dislocation?
When the should is pushed out of joint. Very painful and sometimes causes permanent damage.
When does a shoulder dislocation often occur?
In children and when the arm is abducted and recieves a blow from above.
What is the interosseious membrane and where is it located?
It enables the 2 elbow joint to share the load and attaches to the radius and ulna along interosseious margin of each bone.
What is syndesmosis?
A fibrous joint at which 2 bones are bound by longer collagenous fibers than in a suture or gomphossi giving the boen more mobility.
What is a good example of syndesmossis?
An interosseus membrane such as that of the radiius and ulna.
What holds the head of the radius in place?
The anular ligament.
The olecranon bursa eases the movement of tendons over what joint?
The elbow
What are the movements of the elbow?
Hinge Joint
Whate are the movemetns of the humerus and head of the radius?
Pivot Joint
How many bones are in the hand?
27
How many bones make up the hip bone?
3- ilium, ischium and pubis
What is the coxal joint?
The point at which the head of femur inserts into the acetabulum of the hip bone.
How is the coxal joint more stable than the shoulder joint?
Deeper sockets, more stable since bears more weight.
What deepends the socket of the coxal joint?
Acetabular labrum- a ring of fibrocartilage
What kind of joint is the tibiofermoral joint?
A hinge joint.
What kind of joint is the patellofemoral joint?
A gliding joint.
How is the knee stabilized?
By quardriceps tendon in front and the tendon of semimembranous muscle on rear side. The joint cavity also contains 2 C-shaped cartialges joined by transverse ligament.
What do the meniscus do in the knee?
Absorb shock, and shape joint
What does the femur do in the knee?
Prevent rocking from side to side
The ACL prevents?
Hyperextension
The PCL prevents?
Femur from sliding off the tibia
How many bursa does the knee have?
At least 13.
What are the most common knee injuries?
To meniscus or ACL. They heal slowly due to scanty blood flow.
What is arthroscopy?
A procedure in which the interior of the joint is viewed with a pencil-thin arthroscope inserted through a small incision.
How many bones are in the foot?
26
How many arches are in the foot?
3
What are the 4 major joint categories?
Bony, fibrous, cartilagenous, and synovial.
What is a joint name derived from?
Usually from the bones involved.
What is a bony joint?
An immovable joint formed when the gap between 2 bones ossify, and they become in effect a single bone.
What are cartilaginous joints?
When 2 bones are linked by cartilage, and have limited movement.
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?
Synchrondroses and Symphyses.
What are synchrondrosis cartilaginous joints?
Bound by hyaline cartilage.
How are synovial joints seperated?
By a joint cavity.
What does synovial fluid do?
Lubricant in joint cavity. Nourishes articular cartilage and removes waste. Makes movement of synovial joints almost friction free.
What is a joint capsule?
Connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid.
What is a tendon?
Strip or sheet of tough collagenous connective tissues that attaches muscle to bone.
What is a ligament?
Similar tissue that attaches one bone to another.
What is a bursa?
A fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid located between 2 adjacent muscles.
What does a bursa do?
It cushions muscles, helps tendons slide more easily over joints and can modifty the direction of tendon pull.