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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Digestion |
Breakdown of ingested food Absorption of nutrients into the blood |
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Metabolism |
Prod'n of cellular ATP Constructive and degradative cellular activities |
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Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs |
Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis Externa Serosa |
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Mucosa |
Innermost layer Moist membrane - Surface epithelium |
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Submucosa |
Just beneath the mucosa Soft conn. Tissue w. Blood vessels/nerve endings and lymphatics |
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Muscularis Externa |
Smooth Muscle - Inner circular layer - Outer longitudinal layer |
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Serosa |
Outermost layer - visceral peritoneum Layer of serous fluid - prod. Cells |
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Carbohydrates are broken down into.... |
Simple sugars (mostly glucose) |
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Proteins are broken down into.... |
Amino acids |
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Fats are broken down to... |
Fatty acids and alcohols |
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Absorption |
End prod. Of digestion are absorbed in blood/lymph Food must enter mucosal cells and then into blood or lymph capillaries |
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Defecation |
Elimination of indigestible substances as faeces |
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Lips |
Protect anterior opening |
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Cheeks |
Forms lateral walls |
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Hard palate |
Anterior roof |
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Soft palate |
Forms posterior roof |
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Uvula |
Fleshy projection of the soft palate |
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Vestibule |
Space between lips externally and teeth and gums |
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Oral cavity |
Area cont. By the teeth |
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Tongue |
Attached at hyoid and styloid processes of the skull, and by the lingual frenulum. |
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Tonsils |
Palatine Lingual |
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Salivary glands |
Parotid Submandibular Sublingual |
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Bolus |
Ball of food formed in mouth after mastication |
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Classification of Teeth |
TOP JAW ONLY Incisors (4) Canines (2) Premolars (4) Molars (6) |
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Regions of a tooth |
Crown (exposed pt.) Neck Root |
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Crown |
Outer enamel Dentin Pulp cavity |
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Neck |
Region in contact w. Gum Connects crown > root |
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Root |
Periodontal membrane attached to the bone Root canal carrying blood vessels and nerves |
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Function of Pharynx |
Passageway for air/food Food propelled to oesophagus by longitudinal inner and circular outee layer Via peristalsis |
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Gastroesophageal reflex disease |
If lower sphincter fails to open - distension of oesophagus feels like chest pain/❤ attack " " close - stomach acid enters oesophagus ➡❤🌋 |
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Peritoneum |
Visceral layer covers organs Parietal layer lines walls of body cavity |
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Peritoneal cavity |
Potential space containing a bit of serous fluid |
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Rugae (stomach anatomy) |
Internal folds of mucosa |
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External regions (stomach anat) |
Lesser & greater curvature |
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Lining of stomach?? |
Simple columnar epithelium - mucous neck cells - gastric glands - chief cells - parietal cells - endocrine cells |
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Mucous neck cells |
Prod. Sticky alkaline mucous |
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Gastric glands |
Secrete gastric juice |
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Chief cells |
Produce protein-digesting enzymes e.g. pepsin |
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Parietal cells |
Produce HCl acid |
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Endocrine cells |
Prod. Gastrin |
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Stomach Func. |
Storage tank for food Site of food breakdown Chem. Breakdown of protein begins Delivers chyme (processed food) to small intestine. |
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Chem. Breakdown in stomach |
Pepsinogen(inactive) ➡ pepsin (active) HCl Rennin |
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Protein digestion in stomach |
HCl denatures protein molecules HCl transforms pepsinogen into pepsin that breaks peptides bonds b'ween certain amino acids |
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Fat digestion in stomach |
Rennin! Gastric lipase splits triglycerides into milk fat |
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Pyloric sphincter... |
Meters out chyme into small intestine |
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Small Intestine |
Maj. Digestive organ site of nutrient absoption ➡ blood Duodenum ➡ jejunum ➡ ileum |
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Mesentery |
Suspends S. Intestine |
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Duodenum |
Att. To stomach |
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Jejunum |
Att. Interiorly to duodenum |
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Ileum |
Extends from jejunum to L intestine |
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Structure of villi |
Absorptive cell Blood capillaries Lacteals |
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Intestinal amylases |
Maltase Sucrase Lactase |
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Intestinal enzymes |
Intestinal amylases " " lipase " " protease - aminopeptidase |
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Bile + pancreatic juice |
Support digestion in S. Intestine |
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Pancreas |
Exocrine func. ➡ prod. Of digestive enzymes Endocrine func. ➡ secretion of insulin |
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Secretin |
Stim. the release of watery bicarbonate sol'n that neutralises acidic chyme |
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Cholecystokinin |
AND VAGUS NERVE AStim. Release of digestive enzymes. |
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Composition of pancreatic juice |
H2O, enzymes, Nabicarbonate Digestive enzymes |
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Digestive enzymes of Pancreas |
Pancreatic amylase Pancreatic lipase Pancreatic proteases |
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Pancreatic proteases |
Trypsinogen Chymotrypsinogen Procarboxypeptidase Trypsin inhibitor |
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Trypsinogen |
Activated to Trypsin |
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Chymotrypsinogen |
Activated by trypsin |
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Procarboxypeptidase |
Activated by trypsin |
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Trypsin inhibitor |
Combines with any trypsin if prod. Inside pancreas thus prev. Any digestion of pancreas by its own trypsin |
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Liver |
4 lobes Connected to gall bladder via common hepatic duct |
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Bile |
PROD IN LIVER Composed of Bile salts Bile pigment (bilirubin) Cholesterol Phospholipids Electrolytes |
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Gall Bladder |
Sac found in hollow fossa of liver Stores bile via cystic duct Introd. Into duodenum in presence of fatty food |
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Bile salts |
Emulsifies lipids |
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Digestion of fat |
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Large intestine |
Ascending/transverse/descending colon Rectum |
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Functions of L Intestine |
Absorption of H2O Eliminates indigestible food as faeces Does not digest anything Goblet cells prod. Mucus for lubricant |
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Categories of Nutrients |
Carbs Lipids Proteins Vits. Minerals H20 |
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Catabolism |
Substances broken down (energy released) |
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Anabolism |
Smaller molecules ➡ larger |
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Carb metabolism |
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Glycolysis |
Glucose ➡ 2 pyruvic acid molec. + ATP |
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Krebs cycle |
2 (pyruvic acid) ➡ CO2 + H2O + 30 ATP (when NADH2 & FADH2 are joined to e- trans. chain ➡ ATP & H2O) |
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Fat metabolism |
Fats ➡ acetyl CoA ➡ H2O + CO2 + ATP |
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Protein metabolism |
Protein ➡ amino acids + ammonia Ammonia ➡ urea |
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Role of livee in metabolism |
Digestion Detoxifies drugs/alcohol Degrades hormones Prod. Cholesterol and blood proteins |
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Glycogenesis |
Glucose ➡ glycogen Glycogen stored in liver |
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Glycogenolysis |
Glycogen ➡ glucose and is released from liver |
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Gluconeogenesis |
Fats/proteins ➡ glucose |
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Functions of cholesterol |
Serves as structural basis of steroid hormones and vit. D Building block of plasma membranes |
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Body temp normal |
37 |
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Function of hypothalamus |
Vaso dila/constriction |
