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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Negative feedback cycle |
Response reduces/negates the original stimulus E.g. Regulation of body temperature. Regulation of blood volume by ADH |
Structure or Function
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Physiology is the study of _____ at many levels |
Function |
Structure or Function |
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Anatomy (structure) and physiology (function) are _____ |
Inseparable |
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Function always _____ structure. What a structure can do depends on __ _____ ____ |
Reflects Its specific form |
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Levels of Structural Organisation? |
1 - Chemical level 2 - Cellular level 3 - Tissue level 4 - Organ level 5 - Organ system level 6 - Organismal level |
There are six levels |
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Chemical level |
Atoms combine to form molecules |
Atoms -> Molecule |
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Cellular level |
Cells are made up of molecules. Eg, Organelle, Smooth muscle cell |
What is it made up of? |
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Tissue level |
Tissues consist of similar types of cells that have come together to run a particular function. Eg, Smooth muscle tissue |
Consist of? |
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Organ level |
Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Eg, Blood vessal (organ) = Smooth muscle tissue, Connective tissue, Epithelial tissue |
Made up of? |
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Organ system level |
Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Eg, Cardiovascular system = Heart blood + blood vessels. |
What does it consist of? |
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Organismal level |
The human organism is made up of many organ systems |
Made up of? |
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Necessary Life Functions |
1. Maintains boundaries between internal and external environments 2. Movement (contractility) 3. Responsiveness: Sense and respond to stimuli 4. Digestion 5. Metabolism: Chemical reactions of cells 6. Excretion: Removal of wastes products 7. Reproduction 8. Growth: Of a body part or organism |
There are 8 necessary life functions |
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Homeostasis |
Maintains a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes and is in a dynamic state of equilibrium. (A balance or a healthy condition) Eg. Our body temp homeostasis is 37 degrees and through the day it will maintain a balance of that as it fluctuates slightly but is still a healthy body condition. |
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What does homeostasis involve? |
It involves continuous monitoring and regulation of many factors (variables) |
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What are the main players involved with homeostasis? |
Nervous and endocrine systems -> Communication via nerve impulses and hormones |
Which body systems and their functions |
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The loss of homeostasis results in? |
Diseased condition |
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Components of a Control Mechanism |
1. Receptor (sensor) 2. Control centre 3. Effector |
There are three |
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Receptors .. |
Monitor the environment and respond to stimuli (changes in controlled variables) |
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The control centre.. |
Determines the set point that the variable is maintained. Receives input from the receptor and then determines the appropriate response. |
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The control centre.. |
Determines the set point that the variable is maintained. Receives input from the receptor and then determines the appropriate response. |
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The effector.. |
Receives output from control centre. Provides the means to respond and then gives responsive acts to increase or decrease the stimulus (feedback) |
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The cycle of our control mechanism in regards to balance and imbalance |
Back (Definition) |
There are 5 steps |
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Negative feedback cycle |
Response reduces/negates the original stimulus E.g. Regulation of body temperature. Regulation of blood volume by ADH |
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Negative feedback cycle |
Response reduces/negates the original stimulus E.g. Regulation of body temperature. Regulation of blood volume by ADH (What happens when the body doesn’t like a change) |
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Positive feedback loop |
Response enhances/exaggerates original stimulus. May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect Usually controls infrequent events E.g. Platelet plug formation and blood clotting. Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin. (The body wants something that is happening to finish quicker) |
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How much feedback in our bodies is positive and how much is negative. |
99% negative and only a few instances are positive. |
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Homeostatic Imbalance |
The disturbance of homeostasis. - Increases risk of disease - Contributes to changes associated with ageing - May allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over (e.g., heart failure) |
What is it and what it does |
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Description of nomenclature |
Nomenclature is anatomy’s own universal ‘language’ with Greek or Latin origins. If you master the basic principles then you can deduse others. E.g. brachium = arm, brachio-radialis muscle = muscle in forearm near radius. |
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Description of nomenclature |
Nomenclature is anatomy’s own universal ‘language’ with Greek or Latin origins. If you master the basic principles then you can deduse others. E.g. brachium = arm, brachio-radialis muscle = muscle in forearm near radius. Includes descriptions for; anatomical position, regional terms, directional terms, planes and sections, body cavities, and serous membranes. |
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Describe the anatomical position |
Standard anatomical body position is; body erect (standing up-right), feet slightly apart and palms facing forwards. ( the palms facing forwards is important because the two bones in forearm can be seen and distinguished in this view but only seen as one bone if palms face the body.) |
Standard position |
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Regional terms of body in anatomical position |
Regional terms designate specific areas. There are two major divisions. The axial; head, neck, and trunk. The appendicular: limbs. |
Two |
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Terminology for front view and back view of body |
Anterior is the front and Posterior is the back view |
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Terminology for front view and back view of body |
Anterior/Ventral is the front and Posterior/Dorsal is the back view |
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Describe names for arm and sections on anterior view |
Full arm (not including hand) is described as upper limb. It contains the acromial (top of arm against underarm), brachial (the arm itself, under acromial but above elbow), antecubital (just under elbow), antebrachial (forearm), and the carpal (wrist). |
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Describe the name of the hand and its sections on anterior view |
The hand is called the manus. It contains the palmar (palm), the pollex (thumb), and the digital (fingers). |
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Describe the name of the leg (not including the foot) and its sections on the anterior view |
The leg is called the lower limb. It contains the coxal (hip), femoral (thigh), patellar (knee), crural (lower leg under knee), and the fibular or peroneal (calf). |
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Describe the name of the leg (not including the foot) and its sections on the anterior view |
The leg is called the lower limb. It contains the coxal (hip), femoral (thigh), patellar (knee), crural (lower leg under knee), and the fibular or peroneal (calf). |
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Describe the name of the foot and its sections on an anterior view |
The foot is called the pedal. It contains the tarsal (ankle), metatarsal (top of foot), digital (toes), and hallux (big toe). |
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