Human Anatomy Exam I

Front 1

what are the three main planes through the human body?

Back 1

1. coronal (front and back)
2. transverse (top and bottom)
3. mid-sagital (right and left)

Front 2

what are the two body regions?

Back 2

axial -head, neck, trunk
appendicular -upper and lower limbs

Front 3

the axial region of the body is divided into what two areas?

Back 3

posterior aspect
ventral cavity

Front 4

the ventral cavity half of the axial region contains what cavities?

Back 4

thoracic and abdominopelvic, separated by the diaphragm

Front 5

both the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities are lined with what?

Back 5

serous membrane

Front 6

what are the two layer of serous membrane?

Back 6

parietal (lines body wall) and visceral (lines organs)

Front 7

what is the purpose of serous fluid in serous membrane cavity?

Back 7

lubricant

Front 8

the thoracic cavity is derived from where during development?

Back 8

coelom

Front 9

what is the median space in the thoracic cavity called? what does it contain?

Back 9

the mediastinum -contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea and major blood vessels

Front 10

the ventral cavity is composed of what?

Back 10

thoracic and abdominopelvic

Front 11

what are the two components of the abdominopelvic cavity?

Back 11

the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity

Front 12

what organs are found in the abdominal cavity?

Back 12

most organs of the digestive system, spleen, kidneys and ureters

Front 13

what organs are found in the pelvic cavity?

Back 13

distal portion of large intestine, urinary bladder, urethra, reproductive organs

Front 14

which serous membrane(s) are found in the thoracic cavity?

Back 14

pluera and pericardium

Front 15

which serous membrane(s) are found in the abdominopelvic cavity?

Back 15

peritoneum

Front 16

what are the lines that make up the nine regions on the abdominopelvic cavity?

Back 16

midclavicular line (vertical lines)

subcostal line (top)

intertububercular line (bottom)

Front 17

what are the three types of histological microscopy? which produces 3d image? 2d image?

Back 17

LM -2d
TEM -2d
SEM -3d

Front 18

what is the typical size of a human cell?

Back 18

1-100 micrometers

Front 19

what are the 8 functions of cells?

Back 19

1. covering
2. lining
3. storage
4. movement
5. connection
6. defense
7. communication
8. reproduction

Front 20

what are the components of cellular cytoplasm?

Back 20

cytosol
cytoskeleton
inclusions
organelles

Front 21

what are the three lipid components of the plasma membrane?

Back 21

1. phospholipids (75%)
2. cholesterol (20%) strengthens and stabilizes bilayer
3. glycolipids (10%) contribute to glycocalyx ; lipid with carb group attached

Front 22

which type of membrane protein may serve as an enzyme?

Back 22

both! integral and peripheral

Front 23

what forms the glycocalyx?

Back 23

the carbohydrate groups attached to both membrane glycolipids and integral glycoproteins

Front 24

what are the functions of membrane proteins?

Back 24

receptor
enzyme
cell-id
cell-adhesion
channel proteins
transport proteins

Front 25

what are the types of passive transport?

Back 25

filtration, osmosis, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion

Front 26

what are the three functions of the glycocalyx?

Back 26

1. communication
2. recognition
3. adhesion
(protection? in slide)

Front 27

what are the components of the cytoskeleton?

Back 27

microfilaments (actin)
intermediate filaments
microtubules (tubulin)

Front 28

what does the RER do?

Back 28

synthesize protein, lysosomal enzymes

Front 29

where are ribosomes found?

Back 29

RER
free in cytosol
nucleolus
mitochondria
nuclear envelope

Front 30

where is rRNA synthesized?

Back 30

in the nucleolus of the nucleus

Front 31

what are the two distinct things that occur during mitosis?

Back 31

mitosis -division of the nucleus

cytokenesis -division of the cytoplasm

Front 32

the end of prophase is characterized by what?

Back 32

break down of nuclear envelope

Front 33

what is the single cell produced by fertilization?

Back 33

zygote

Front 34

what is the spherical, multicellular structure that the zygote becomes?

Back 34

blastocyst

Front 35

what are the three pre-natal periods?

Back 35

1. pre-embryonic
2. embryonic
3. fetal

Front 36

what event marks the end of the pre-embryonic pre-natal period?

Back 36

implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine lining

Front 37

what is the embryonic period of development?

Back 37

the 3rd thru 8th week, rudimentary versions of major organ systems start appearing in the cell mass which is now called an embryo

Front 38

the developmental processes that occur in the pre-embryonic and embryonic periods are known collectively as what?

Back 38

embryogenesis

Front 39

what are the three main differences between mitosis and meiosis?

Back 39

1. mitosis produces 2 identical daughter cells, while meiosis produces 4 genetically different daughter cells

2. mitosis produces diploid daughter cells; meiosis produces haploid daughter cells

3. crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes in meiosis, and not in mitosis

Front 40

what is the corona radiata?

Back 40

cuboidal cells that surround secondary oocyte as it is ovulated

Front 41

what is the zona pellucida?

Back 41

a ring of proteins and glycoproteins that surround the secondary oocyte during ovulation

Front 42

when during meiosis does crossing over occur?

Back 42

during prophase of meiosis I

Front 43

what are the three phases of fertilization?

Back 43

1. corona radiata penetration
2. zona pellucida penetration
3. fusion of the sperm and oocyte plasma membranes

Front 44

what happens during the slow-block of polyspermy?

Back 44

calcium ions enter egg with sperm causing secretory vesicles within egg to release cortical granules at egg surface creating fertilization membrane

Front 45

what is the fast block to polyspermy?

Back 45

sodium channels

Front 46

what digestive enzymes are exocytosed in order to penetrate the zona pellucida?

Back 46

acrosin & hyaluronidase

Front 47

when does the secondary oocyte complete meiosis II?

Back 47

after the sperm enters the oocyte

Front 48

following the completion of meiosis by the oocyte, the nuclei of the sperm and egg are called what?

Back 48

pronuclei

Front 49

when the pronuclei fuse within the oocyte, a diploid cell called a what is formed?

Back 49

zygote

Front 50

during the pre-embryonic stage when cleavage is taking place, what is the process that causes the contact between cells to increase to the maximum?

Back 50

compaction

Front 51

when will the diameter of the cell mass undergoing mitotic cleavage finally change in diameter?

Back 51

after in implants in the uterus

Front 52

when does the pre-embryo become a blastocyst?

Back 52

in the uterine lumen prior to implantation

Front 53

what causes the formation of the blastocyst cavity within the morula?

Back 53

as the morula enters lumen of the uterus, fluid begins to leak through the degenerating zona pellucida resulting in a fluid filled cavity

Front 54

what are the two distinct components of the blastocyst?

Back 54

1. trophoblast
2. embryoblast

Front 55

the trophoblast is the portion of the blastocyst that is a precursor for what?

Back 55

the placenta (chorion, specifically)

Front 56

what are the two layers of the endometrium? in which layer does the blastocyst implant?

Back 56

stratum basale and stratum functionalis (blastocyst implants in functionalis)

Front 57

the trophoblast of the implanting blastocyst differentiates into what 2 layers?

Back 57

syncytiotrophoblast (outer layer)
cytotrophoblast (inner layer)

Front 58

what is the "conceptus"?

Back 58

all products of conception

Front 59

toward the end of the implantation process, (around day 8) what changes are taking place in the cells of the embryoblast portion of the blastocyst?

Back 59

they are beginning to differentiate into 2 layers: the epiblast and the hypoblast ...together called the bilaminar germinal disc

Front 60

what are the epiblast and the hypoblast collectively called?

Back 60

the bilaminar germinal disc

Front 61

what are the extraembryonic membranes that form towards the end of the implantation process?

Back 61

the yolk sac, amnion, and chorion

Front 62

the amnion is continuous with which portion of the blastocyst?

Back 62

epiblast

Front 63

the yolk sac is continuous with which portion of the blastocyst?

Back 63

hypoblast

Front 64

the chorion is continuous with which portion of the blastocyst?

Back 64

cytotrophoblast and synctytiotrophoblast

Front 65

where does the fetal portion of the placenta develop from?

Back 65

chorion

Front 66

where does the maternal portion of the placenta come from?

Back 66

the functional layer of the endometrium

Front 67

where does the mother get estrogen and progesterone form during the first trimester while the placenta is still developing?

Back 67

the corpus luteum in the ovary

Front 68

what are the main functions of the placenta?

Back 68

1.exchange nutrients, waste products and gases

2.transmission of antibodies to fetus

3.production of hormones (estrogen and progesterone) to maintain the uterine lining

Front 69

what processes occur during the embryonic period?

Back 69

gastrulation and organogenesis

Front 70

during gastrulation, cells of the ______, migrate and form the three primary germ layers, from which every tissue in the body will develop. what are the three germ layers?

Back 70

cell of the epiblast form the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

Front 71

when does a blastocyst become an embryo?

Back 71

when the three primary germ layers have been formed from epiblast

Front 72

what is the first step of gastrulation?

Back 72

formation of the primitive streak- a thin depression on the surface of the epiblast

Front 73

what are blastomeres?

Back 73

the first 2 identical cells following the first cleavage

Front 74

when do the extaembryonic membranes start forming?

Back 74

shortly after implantation

Front 75

what is gastrulation?

Back 75

the establishment of the three primary germ layers

Front 76

what is invagination?

Back 76

the process during gastrulation that involves the detachment of cells from the epiblast and their migration thru the primitive steak between the hypoblast and epiblast layers

Front 77

in what order are the three germ layers formed?

Back 77

mesoderm first, then endoderm, then ectoderm

Front 78

during gastrulation, cells of the hypoblast become what germ layer?

Back 78

endoderm

Front 79

during gatrulation, cells of the epiblast become which germ layer?

Back 79

ectoderm

Front 80

what are the two types of folding that occur in the embryonic stage following gastrulation? what does each type of folding give rise to?

Back 80

1.cepahlocaudal folding- future head and buttocks

2.transverse (lateral) folding- future trunk (torso)

Front 81

what are somites?

Back 81

the block-like masses of mesoderm that appear after neurulation and give rise to axial skeleton, conn. tissue, cartilage, and dermis

Front 82

when is developing baby most vulnerable to teratogens?

Back 82

emrbyonic period -organogenesis!

Front 83

what is a karyotype?

Back 83

the number and appearance of chromosomes in cell

Front 84

what is the name of the structure that implants in the uterus?

Back 84

blastocyst

Front 85

what is an example of a mixed gland?

Back 85

salivary

Front 86

what are the three types of gland secretions?

Back 86

1. serous (mammary gland, sweat gland)
2. mucous (goblet cells)
3. mixed (salivary gland)

Front 87

which type of cartilage resists compression?

Back 87

fibrocartilage

Front 88

which type of cartilage is found in the ear?

Back 88

elastic

Front 89

which type of cartilage does not have a perichondrium?

Back 89

fibrocartilage

Front 90

what are the layers of the epidermis?

Back 90

1. stratum corneum
2. stratum lucidium
3. stratum granulosum
4. stratum spinosum
5. stratum basale

Front 91

what are the layers of the dermis?

Back 91

papillary and reticular

Front 92

where in the epidermis are merkel cells found?

Back 92

stratum basale

Front 93

where in the epidermis are dendritic cells found?

Back 93

stratum spinosum

Front 94

which layer of the epidermis contains keratinocytes filled with the protein eleidin?

Back 94

stratum lucidium (only in thick skin!)

Front 95

in which layer of the epidermis does keratinization occur?

Back 95

stratum granulosum

Front 96

where are tactile cells and melanocytes found ?

Back 96

in the stratum basale of the epidermis

Front 97

where are dendritic cells found?

Back 97

in the the stratum spinosum of the epidermis

Front 98

where are keratinocyte stem cells found?

Back 98

in the stratum basale

Front 99

when do keratinocytes fill with eliedin?

Back 99

when they reach the stratum lucidium in thick skin

Front 100

when do keratinocytes undergo keratinization?

Back 100

the stratum granulosum! cells flatten

Front 101

______________ are responsible for "finger-prints"

Back 101

dermal papillae / epidermal ridges

epidermis and dermis "zip" together

Front 102

what are the two types of melanin?

Back 102

eumelanin (brownish black) phenomelanin (reddish yellow)

Front 103

what types of connective tissue does the dermis have?

Back 103

areolar and dense irregular

Front 104

which is the actively growing area of a nail?

Back 104

the nail matrix

Front 105

what is the hyponychium?

Back 105

the epidermis under the free edge of nail

Front 106

what is the epinychium?

Back 106

cuticle of nail (dead cells)

Front 107

what is the lunula?

Back 107

white half-moon proximal nail plate due to stratum basale underneath

Front 108

what is a pilus?

Back 108

hair

Front 109

what are the three types of hair?

Back 109

lanugo, terminal and villus

Front 110

when does hair get nutrition to grow?

Back 110

dermal papillae

Front 111

the hair follicle consists of which two parts?

Back 111

connective tissue root sheet and epithelial root sheath

Front 112

what is a ceruminous gland?

Back 112

in auditory canal-produces earwax!

Front 113

what type of gland secretes earwax in the auditory canal?

Back 113

ceruminous glands

Front 114

how is sweat "squeezed" from gland?

Back 114

myoepithelial cells